{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,3]],"date-time":"2026-04-03T04:34:11Z","timestamp":1775190851814,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,23]],"date-time":"2021-09-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1632355200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Evaluation of the cloud seeding effect is a challenge due to lack of directly physical observational evidence. In this study, an approach for directly observing the cloud seeding effect is proposed using a 1548 nm coherent Doppler wind lidar (CDWL). Normalized skewness was employed to identify the components of the reflectivity spectrum. The spectrum detection capability of a CDWL was verified by a 24.23-GHz Micro Rain Radar (MRR) in Hefei, China (117\u00b015\u2032 E, 31\u00b050\u2032 N), and different types of lidar spectra were detected and separated, including aerosol, turbulence, cloud droplet, and precipitation. Spectrum analysis was applied as a field experiment performed in Inner Mongolia, China (112\u00b039\u2032 E, 42\u00b021\u2032 N ) to support the cloud seeding operation for the 70th anniversary of China\u2019s national day. The CDWL can monitor the cloud motion and provide windshear and turbulence information ensuring operation safety. The cloud-precipitation process is detected by the CDWL, microwave radiometer (MWR) and Advanced Geosynchronous Radiation Imager (AGRI) in FY4A satellites. In particular, the spectrum width and skewness of seeded cloud show a two-layer structure, which reflects cloud component changes, and it is possibly related to cloud seeding effects. Multi-component spectra are separated into four clusters, which are well distinguished by spectrum width and vertical velocity. In general, our findings provide new evidence that the reflectivity spectrum of CDWL has potential for assessing cloud seeding effects.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13193815","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,27]],"date-time":"2021-09-27T22:16:38Z","timestamp":1632780998000},"page":"3815","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Cloud Seeding Evidenced by Coherent Doppler Wind Lidar"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Jinlong","family":"Yuan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Earth and Space Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China"}]},{"given":"Kenan","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Earth and Space Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China"}]},{"given":"Tianwen","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Earth and Space Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China"}]},{"given":"Lu","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Earth and Space Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China"}]},{"given":"Zhifeng","family":"Shu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Atmospheric Physics, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3486-6286","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuanjian","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Atmospheric Physics, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China"}]},{"given":"Haiyun","family":"Xia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Earth and Space Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China"},{"name":"School of Atmospheric Physics, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China"},{"name":"CAS Center for Excellence in Comparative Planetology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China"},{"name":"National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1588","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0450(1998)037<1588:APEOAH>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"A Physical Evaluation of a Hail Suppression Project with Silver Iodide Ground Burners in Southwestern France","volume":"37","author":"Dessens","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. 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