{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T02:21:49Z","timestamp":1760235709296,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,24]],"date-time":"2021-09-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1632441600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Soil salinization process is a complex non-linear dynamic evolution. To classify a system with this type of non-linear characteristic, this study proposed a mixed master\/slave chaotic system based on Chua\u2019s circuit and a fractional-order Chen-Lee chaotic system to classify soil salinization level. The subject is the soil in Xinjiang with different levels of human interference. A fractional-order Chen-Lee chaotic system was constructed, and the spectral signal processed by the Chua\u2019s non-linear circuit was substituted into the master\/slave chaotic system. The chaotic dynamic errors with different fractional orders were calculated. The comparative analysis showed that 0.1-order has the largest chaotic dynamic error change, which produced two distinct and divergent results. Thus, this study converted the chaotic dynamic errors of fractional 0.1-order into chaotic attractors to build an extension matter-element model. Finally, we compared the soil salt contents (SSC) from the laboratory chemical analysis with the results of the extension theory classification. The comparison showed that the combination of fractional order mixed master\/slave chaotic system and extension theory has high classification accuracy for soil salinization level. The results of this system match the result of the chemical analysis. The classification accuracy of the calibration set data was 100%, and the classification accuracy of the validation set data was 90%. This method is the first use of the mixed master\/slave chaotic system in this field and can satisfy certain soil salinization monitoring needs as well as promote the application of the chaotic system in soil salinization monitoring.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13193819","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,27]],"date-time":"2021-09-27T22:16:38Z","timestamp":1632780998000},"page":"3819","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Soil Salinization Level Monitoring and Classifying by Mixed Chaotic Systems"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8852-9106","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anhong","family":"Tian","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Information Engineering, Qujing Normal University, Qujing 655011, China"},{"name":"Faculty of Land Resource Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, China"}]},{"given":"Chengbiao","family":"Fu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Information Engineering, Qujing Normal University, Qujing 655011, China"},{"name":"Faculty of Land Resource Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, China"}]},{"given":"Her-Terng","family":"Yau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Chung Cheng University, Chiayi 621301, Taiwan"},{"name":"Advanced Institute of Manufacturing with High-Tech Innovations, National Chung Cheng University, Chiayi 621301, Taiwan"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9633-8871","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiao-Yi","family":"Su","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Institute of Automation Technology, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 10608, Taiwan"}]},{"given":"Heigang","family":"Xiong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Applied Arts and Science, Beijing Union University, Beijing 100083, China"},{"name":"College of Resource and Environment Sciences, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1080\/2150704X.2018.1470697","article-title":"Spectral-radiometric differentiation of non-photosynthetic vegetation and soil within Landsat and Sentinel 2 wavebands","volume":"9","author":"Dai","year":"2018","journal-title":"Remote Sens. 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