{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,26]],"date-time":"2026-03-26T02:56:27Z","timestamp":1774493787910,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,24]],"date-time":"2021-09-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1632441600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Northwestern Region\u2019s Artificial Weather Modification Capacity Building Project","award":["ZQC-R1908"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZQC-R1908"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100013148","name":"Science and Technology Foundation of State Grid Corporation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["5200-201955490A-0-0-00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5200-201955490A-0-0-00"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100013148","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Radar data are essential to convection nowcasting and nudging-based radar data assimilation through diabatic initialization is one of the most effective approaches for forecasting convective systems with numerical weather prediction (NWP) models, used at several advanced global weather centers. It is desired to assess the uncertainty and physical consistency of this assimilation process. This paper investigated impacts of relaxation coefficient, radar data update intervals and continuous assimilation time duration and addressed the key issues and possible solutions of the radar data assimilation based on the WRF hydrometeor and latent heat nudging (HLHN) developed at the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR). It is revealed that excessively large relaxation coefficient forced the model to observations with a tendency greater than the physical terms of the convection, causing the dynamic imbalances and serious convection \u201cramp-down\u201d right after the free forecast starts. Assimilating high update frequency radar data can make the tendency terms moderate and sustained thereby maintaining the assimilation effect and reducing fortuitous convection. HLHN requires a minimum continuous assimilation duration to contain the initial forced disturbance of the model. For a summer Meiyu precipitation case studied, the minimum duration is ~1 h. Appropriate selection of the HLHN parameters is able to effectively improve the temperature, humidity, and dynamic fields of the model. In addition, several issues still remain to be solved to further enhance HLHN.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13193821","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,27]],"date-time":"2021-09-27T22:16:38Z","timestamp":1632780998000},"page":"3821","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Hydrometeor and Latent Heat Nudging for Radar Reflectivity Assimilation: Response to the Model States and Uncertainties"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5467-1035","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhaoyang","family":"Huo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China"},{"name":"Precision Regional Earth Modeling and Information Center, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yubao","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China"},{"name":"Precision Regional Earth Modeling and Information Center, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ming","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yueqin","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, China Meteorological Administration, Beijing 100081, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chungang","family":"Fang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Precision Regional Earth Modeling and Information Center, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China"},{"name":"Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, China Meteorological Administration, Beijing 100081, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhuozhi","family":"Shu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China"},{"name":"Precision Regional Earth Modeling and Information Center, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0845-2135","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China"},{"name":"Precision Regional Earth Modeling and Information Center, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2079","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0477(1998)079<2079:NTASR>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Nowcasting Thunderstorms: A Status Report","volume":"79","author":"Wilson","year":"1998","journal-title":"Bull. 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