{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T16:25:51Z","timestamp":1783009551471,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,24]],"date-time":"2021-09-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1632441600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002858","name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2019M662478"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019M662478"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002858","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Henan","award":["202300410075"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202300410075"]}]},{"name":"Major project of Collaborative Innovation Center on Yellow River Civilization jointly built by Henan Province and Ministry of Education","award":["2020M19"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020M19"]}]},{"name":"National Demonstration Center for Experimental Environment and Planning Education (Henan University) Funding Project","award":["2020HGSYJX009"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020HGSYJX009"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Sentinel-2 imagery is an unprecedented data source with high spatial, spectral and temporal resolution in addition to free access. The objective of this paper was to evaluate the potential of using Sentinel-2 data to map winter crops in the early growth stage. Analysis of three winter crop types\u2014winter garlic, winter canola and winter wheat\u2014was carried out in two agricultural regions of China. We analysed the spectral characteristics and vegetation index profiles of these crops in the early growth stage and other land cover types based on Sentinel-2 images. A decision tree classification model was built to distinguish the crops based on these data. The results demonstrate that winter garlic and winter wheat can be distinguished four months before harvest, while winter canola can be distinguished two months before harvest. The overall classification accuracy was 96.62% with a kappa coefficient of 0.95. Therefore, Sentinel-2 images can be used to accurately identify these winter crops in the early growth stage, making them an important data source in the field of agricultural remote sensing.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13193822","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,27]],"date-time":"2021-09-27T22:16:38Z","timestamp":1632780998000},"page":"3822","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":73,"title":["Early-Season Mapping of Winter Crops Using Sentinel-2 Optical Imagery"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4567-2313","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Haifeng","family":"Tian","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"International Joint Laboratory for Geospatial Technology of Henan, College of Geography and Environmental Science, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Geospatial Technology for the Middle and Lower Yellow River Regions, Henan University, Ministry of Education, Kaifeng 475004, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yongjiu","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Joint Laboratory for Geospatial Technology of Henan, College of Geography and Environmental Science, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ting","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Joint Laboratory for Geospatial Technology of Henan, College of Geography and Environmental Science, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0310-2734","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lijun","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Joint Laboratory for Geospatial Technology of Henan, College of Geography and Environmental Science, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6962-8838","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yaochen","family":"Qin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Joint Laboratory for Geospatial Technology of Henan, College of Geography and Environmental Science, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China"},{"name":"Collaborative Innovation Center on Yellow River Civilization Jointly Built by Henan Province and Ministry of Education, Key Research Institute of Yellow River Civilization and Sustainable Development, Henan University, Kaifeng 475001, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12356","DOI":"10.3390\/rs70912356","article-title":"Assessment of an Operational System for Crop Type Map Production Using High Temporal and Spatial Resolution Satellite Optical Imagery","volume":"7","author":"Inglada","year":"2015","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2019.08.007","article-title":"Automatic canola mapping using time series of sentinel 2 images","volume":"156","author":"Ashourloo","year":"2019","journal-title":"ISPRS J. 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