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Hyperspectral remote sensing and light detection and ranging (LiDAR) have been used to characterize the deterministic successional stages in a TDF. These successional stages, classified as early, intermediate, and late, are considered a proxy for mapping the age since the abandonment of a given forest area. Expanding on the need for more accurate successional forest mapping, our study considers the age attributes of a TDF study area as a continuous expression of relative attribute scores\/levels that vary along the process of ecological succession. Specifically, two remote-sensing data sets: HyMap (hyperspectral) and LVIS (waveform LiDAR), were acquired at the Santa Rosa National Park Environmental Monitoring Super Site (SRNP-EMSS) in Costa Rica, were used to generate age-attribute metrics. These metrics were then used as entry-level variables on a randomized nonlinear archetypal analysis (RNAA) model to select the most informative metrics from both data sets. Next, a relative attribute learning (RAL) algorithm was adapted for both independent and fused metrics to comparatively learn the relative attribute levels of the forest ages of the study area. In this study, four HyMap indices and five LVIS metrics were found to have the potential to map the forest ages of the study area, and compared with these results, a significant improvement was found through the fusion of the metrics on the accuracy of the generated forest age maps. By linking the age group mapping and the relative attribute mapping results, a dynamic gradient of the age-attribute transition patterns emerged.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13193830","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,27]],"date-time":"2021-09-27T22:16:38Z","timestamp":1632780998000},"page":"3830","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Hyperspectral and Full-Waveform LiDAR Improve Mapping of Tropical Dry Forest\u2019s Successional Stages"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3360-1756","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Genping","family":"Zhao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Science and Technology, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China"},{"name":"Centre for Earth Observation Sciences, Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E3, Canada"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7768-6600","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arturo","family":"Sanchez-Azofeifa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Earth Observation Sciences, Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E3, Canada"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4160-3452","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kati","family":"Laakso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Earth Observation Sciences, Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E3, Canada"}]},{"given":"Chuanliang","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Agricultural Information, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Science, Nanjing 210014, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6072-7875","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lunke","family":"Fei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Science and Technology, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1017\/S0376892900038546","article-title":"The world\u2019s forests: Problems and potentials","volume":"23","author":"Myers","year":"1996","journal-title":"Environ. 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