{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T02:22:03Z","timestamp":1760235723270,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,25]],"date-time":"2021-09-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1632528000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Key R&amp;D Program of China","award":["2018YFF01013706","2018YFC1503506"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018YFF01013706","2018YFC1503506"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41574146","41774162","42074187"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41574146","41774162","42074187"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"National Key Laboratory of Electromagnetic Environment","award":["6142403180204"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["6142403180204"]}]},{"name":"Excellent Youth Foundation of Hubei Provincial Natural Science Foundation","award":["2019CFA054"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019CFA054"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The trapping layer refers to the atmospheric layer with vertical gradient of atmospheric refractivity less than \u2212157 N-Units\/km or vertical gradient of atmospheric modified refractivity 0 M-unit\/km, which has a significant impact on radar and radio communication systems. Based on COSMIC and other radio occultation data, we show the statistical characteristics of the global trapping layer during 2005\u20132020.The statistical results show that the occurrence rate of the trapping layers is mainly concentrated between 50\u00b0S and 50\u00b0N, and higher occurrences of the trapping layers with more than 50% mainly occur in the boundary area between ocean and land, such as the northwest coastal area of Mexico, the west coastal area of Africa, the Mediterranean Sea, the Red Sea and the Arabian Sea, and the northwest area of Australia, etc. The altitude of the trapping layer is lower near the land and increases with the distance away from the coastline. The intensity is mainly between 6 M-unit and 24 M-unit (an M-unit is the unit of atmospheric modified refractivity), and the average value in some regions is above 24 M-unit, such as in the Arabian Sea area. In addition, the thickness of the trapping layer is between 50 and 240 m, and is generally larger over the ocean than over the land. These results reveal that the generation of the trapping layer is the result of the interaction of various background environmental factors such as radiation band migration, trade winds, monsoons, solar radiation heating, sea\u2013land breezes and so on.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13193839","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,27]],"date-time":"2021-09-27T22:16:38Z","timestamp":1632780998000},"page":"3839","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Investigation on Global Distribution of the Atmospheric Trapping Layer by Using Radio Occultation Dataset"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5079-9939","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yong","family":"Zhou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Space Physics, School of Electronic Information, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China"}]},{"given":"Yi","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Space Physics, School of Electronic Information, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China"}]},{"given":"Jiandong","family":"Qiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Space Physics, School of Electronic Information, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China"}]},{"given":"Mingjie","family":"Lv","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Space Physics, School of Electronic Information, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China"}]},{"given":"Zhitao","family":"Du","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Institute of Applied Meteorology, Beijing 100101, China"}]},{"given":"Zhiqiang","family":"Fan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Institute of Applied Meteorology, Beijing 100101, China"}]},{"given":"Jiaqi","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Space Science and Applied Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5128-809X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhibin","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Space Science and Applied Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China"}]},{"given":"Jiang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Southwest China Institute of Electronic Technology, Chengdu 610036, China"}]},{"given":"Zhengyu","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Space Science and Applied Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6781-6977","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fang","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Polar Research Institute of China, Shanghai 200136, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2692-9451","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chen","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Space Physics, School of Electronic Information, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bean, B.R., and Dutton, E.J. 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