{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,9]],"date-time":"2026-03-09T07:34:16Z","timestamp":1773041656873,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,27]],"date-time":"2021-09-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1632700800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006109","name":"Vedeck\u00e1 Grantov\u00e1 Agent\u00fara M\u0160VVa\u0160 SR a SAV","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1\/0247\/19"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1\/0247\/19"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006109","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>High winds and the subsequent infestation of subcortical insect are considered to be the most extensive types of large natural disturbances in the Central European forests. In this paper, we focus on the landscape dynamics of two representative mountain areas of Slovakia, which have been affected by aforementioned natural disturbances during last two decades. For example, on 19 November 2004, the bora caused significant damage to more than 126 km2 of spruce forests in the Tatra National Park (TANAP). Several wind-related events also affected sites in the National Park Low Tatras (NAPALT). Monitoring of related land cover changes during years 2000\u20132019 was based on CORINE Land Cover data and methodology set up on satellite and aerial images interpretation, on detailed land cover interpretation (1:10,000) for the local case studies, as well as on the results of field research and forestry databases. The dynamics of forest recovery are different in the clear-cuts (usually with subsequent tree planting) and in the naturally developing forest. The area in the vicinity of Tatransk\u00e1 Lonmnica encroaching on the Studen\u00e1 dolina National Nature Reserve in TANAP represents a trend of the gradual return of young forest. The area of \u010certovica on the border between NAPALT and its buffer zone are characterized by an increase in clear-cut sites with potentially increasing soil erosion risk, due to repeated wind disasters and widening of bark beetle. Proposed detailed, large-scale approach is being barely used, when considering recent studies dealing with the natural disturbances.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13193873","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,27]],"date-time":"2021-09-27T22:16:38Z","timestamp":1632780998000},"page":"3873","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Mountain Landscape Dynamics after Large Wind and Bark Beetle Disasters and Subsequent Logging\u2014Case Studies from the Carpathians"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2840-3982","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vladim\u00edr","family":"Fal\u0165an","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Geography and Geoinformatics, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Mlynsk\u00e1 dolina, Ilkovi\u010dova 6, 842 15 Bratislava, Slovakia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2364-3610","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Franti\u0161ek","family":"Petrovi\u010d","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Constantine the Philosopher University in Nitra, 94901 Nitra, Slovakia"}]},{"given":"Mari\u00e1n","family":"G\u00e1bor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Remote Sensing, Institute for Forest Resource and Information, National Forest Centre, Sokolsk\u00e1 2, 96001 Zvolen, Slovakia"}]},{"given":"Vladim\u00edr","family":"\u0160ag\u00e1t","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Geography and Geoinformatics, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Mlynsk\u00e1 dolina, Ilkovi\u010dova 6, 842 15 Bratislava, Slovakia"}]},{"given":"Matej","family":"Hru\u0161ka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Geography and Geoinformatics, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Mlynsk\u00e1 dolina, Ilkovi\u010dova 6, 842 15 Bratislava, Slovakia"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"806","DOI":"10.1038\/nclimate2318","article-title":"Increasing forest disturbances in Europe and their impact on carbon storage","volume":"4","author":"Seidl","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Clim. Chang."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Pickett, S.T.A., and White, P.S. (1985). The Ecology of Natural Disturbance and Patch Dynamics, AcademicPress."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Krejci, L., Kolejka, J., Vozenilek, V., and Machar, I. (2018). Application of GIS to Empirical Windthrow Risk Model in Mountain Forested Landscape. Forests, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/f9020096"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fal\u0165an, V., Katina, S., Min\u00e1r, J., Pol\u010d\u00e1k, N., B\u00e1novsk\u00fd, M., Maretta, M., Z\u00e1me\u010dn\u00edk, S., and Petrovi\u010d, F. (2020). Evaluation of abiotic controls on windthrow disturbance using a generalized additive model: A case study of the Tatra National Park, Slovakia. Forests, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/f11121259"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foreco.2015.12.023","article-title":"Frequent severe natural disturbances and non-equilibrium landscape dynamics shaped the mountain spruce forest in central Europe","volume":"363","author":"Morrissey","year":"2016","journal-title":"Forest Ecol. Manag."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hais, M., Wild, J., Berec, L., Bruna, J., Kennedy, R., Braaten, J., and Bro\u017e, Z. (2016). Landsat Imagery Special Trajectories\u2014Important Variables for Spatially Predicting the Risks of Bark Beetle Disturbance. Remote Sens., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs8080687"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foreco.2010.10.012","article-title":"Factors affecting the spatio-temporal dispersion of Ips typographus (L.) in Bavarian Forest National Park: A long-term quantitative landscape-level analysis","volume":"261","author":"Lausch","year":"2011","journal-title":"Forest Ecol. Manag."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Jaku\u0161, R., Bla\u017eenec, M., Gurtsev, A., Holu\u0161a, J., Hro\u0161\u0161o, B., K\u0159enov\u00e1, Z., Longauerov\u00e1, V., Luk\u00e1\u0161ov\u00e1, K., Majd\u00e1k, A., and Mezei, P. (2015). Princ\u00edpy ochrany dospel\u00fdch smrekov\u00fdch porastov pred podk\u00f4rnym hmyzom, \u00dastav ekol\u00f3gie lesa Slovenskej akad\u00e9mie vied."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"835","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2008.12.012","article-title":"Comparision of two types of forest disturbance using multitemporal Landsat TM\/ETM+ imagery and field vegetation data","volume":"113","author":"Hais","year":"2009","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lastovi\u010dka, J., \u0160vec, P., Paluba, D., Kobliuk, N., Svoboda, J., Hladk\u00fd, R., and Stych, P. (2020). Sentinel-2 Data in an Evaluation of the Impact of the Disturbances on Forest Vegetation. Remote Sens., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12121914"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stych, P., Lastovi\u010dka, J., Hladk\u00fd, R., and Paluba, D. (2019). Evaluation of the Influence of Disturbances on Forest Vegetation Using the Time Series of Landsat Data: A Comparision Study of the Low Tatras and Sumava National Parks. Int. J. Geo-Inf., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi8020071"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kore\u0148, M., Barka, I., Jaku\u0161, R., and Hollu\u0161a, J. (2021). Assessment of Machine Learning Algorithms for Modeling the Spatial Distribution of Bark Beetle Infestation. Forests, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/f12040395"},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"3","article-title":"Do bark beetle outbreaks amplify or dampen future bark beetle disturbances in Central Europe?","volume":"109","author":"Sommerfeld","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fal\u0165an, V., Petrovi\u010d, F., O\u0165ahe\u013e, J., Feranec, J., Druga, M., Hru\u0161ka, M., Nov\u00e1\u010dek, J., Sol\u00e1r, V., and Mechurov\u00e1, V. (2020). Comparison of CORINE Land Cover data with National statistics and the possibility to record this data on a local scale-case studies from Slovakia. Remote Sens., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12152484"},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Heymann, Y., Steenmans, C., Crossille, G., and Bossard, M. (1994). CORINE Land Cover: Technical Guide, Office for Official Publications of the European Communities."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Bossard, M., Feranec, J., and Ot\u2019ahel\u2019, J. (2000). CORINE Land Cover Technical Guide-Addendum 2000, EEA."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Feranec, J., Soukup, T., Hazeu, G., and Jarain, G. (2016). Interpretation of satelite data. European Landscape Dynamics: CORINE Land Cover Data, CRC Press.","DOI":"10.1201\/9781315372860"},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"Falt\u2019an, V., Ot\u2019ahel\u2019, J., G\u00e1bor, M., and Ru\u017eek, I. (2018). Met\u00f3dy V\u00fdskumu Krajinnej Pokr\u00fdvky (Methods of Land Cover Research), Comenius University."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) (2017, June 26). Madrid Action Plan for Biosphere Reserves (2008\u20132013). Available online: http:\/\/unesdoc.unesco.org\/images\/0016\/001633\/163301e.pdf."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) (2021, May 05). Biosphere Reserves: The Seville Strategy and the Statutory Framework of the World Network. Available online: http:\/\/unesdoc.unesco.org\/images\/0010\/001038\/103849Eb.pdf."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1504\/IJESD.2008.018358","article-title":"Concept and practice: The case of UNESCO biosphere reserves","volume":"7","author":"Ishwaran","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Sustain. Dev."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"263","article-title":"The role of scientists at the human-nature interface on MaB protected areas","volume":"60","author":"Rubio","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cuad. Geogr\u00e1ficos"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.11143\/fennia.80331","article-title":"GIS and land cover-based assessment of ecosystem services in the North Karelia Biosphere Reserve, Finland","volume":"197","author":"Poikolainen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Fennia"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cosust.2015.08.009","article-title":"The Man and Biosphere programme of UNESCO: Rambunctious child of the sixties, but was the promise fulfilled?","volume":"19","author":"Bridgewater","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Environ. Sustain."},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"e913190","article-title":"Dynamics of land use and land cover change in the Los Tuxtlas Biosphere Reserve (2006\u20132016)","volume":"91","author":"Laborde","year":"2020","journal-title":"Rev. Mex Biodivers"},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"126","article-title":"Investigation of the factors that contribute to degradation of Songor Ramsar and UNESCO Man and Biosphere Reserve in Ghana","volume":"27","author":"Fianko","year":"2019","journal-title":"West Afr. J. Appl. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"17","article-title":"The abandonment of agricultural land: A case study of Streln\u00edky, (The Pol\u2019ana biosphere reserve-Slovakia)","volume":"9","year":"2014","journal-title":"Carpathian J. Earth Environ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1515\/eko-2017-0027","article-title":"Agricultural Abandonment in Chosen Terrain Attributes Context-Case Study from the Polana Unesco Biosphere Reserve (Central Slovakia)","volume":"36","author":"Weis","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ekol Bratislava"},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"79","article-title":"Potential for the sustainable land use of the cultural landscape based on its historical use (a model study of the transition zone of the Pol\u2019ana Biosphere Reserve)","volume":"22","author":"Olah","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ekol Bratislava"},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"68","article-title":"Land use changes relation to georelief and distance in the East Carpathians Biosphere Reserve","volume":"25","author":"Olah","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ekol Bratislava"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.4149\/ekol_2009_02_127","article-title":"Land use changes within the slovak biosphere reserves\u2019 zones","volume":"28","author":"Olah","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ekol Bratislava."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1080\/26395916.2019.1617351","article-title":"The implementation of the conceptual shift in conservation: Pathways of three German UNESCO biosphere reserves","volume":"15","author":"Winkler","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ecosyst. People"},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"\u0160t\u00e1tny zoznam osobitne chr\u00e1nen\u00fdch \u010dast\u00ed pr\u00edrody SR (2021, May 07). N\u00e1rodn\u00e1 pr\u00edrodn\u00e1 rezerv\u00e1cia Studen\u00e9 doliny. Available online: https:\/\/old.uzemia.enviroportal.sk\/main\/detail\/cislo\/756."},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"Tatra National Park (2021, May 07). Tatra National Park\u2013Basic Information. Available online: https:\/\/zpppn.pl\/tatra-national-park-en\/park."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u017doncov\u00e1, M., Hron\u010dek, P., and Gregorov\u00e1, B. (2020). Mapping of the Land Cover Changes in High Mountains of Western Carpathians between 1990\u20132018: Case Study of the Low Tatras National Park (Slovakia). Land, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/land9120483"},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"189","article-title":"Modification of the CORINE Land Cover method and the nomenclature for identification and inventorying of land cover classes at a scale of 1:10 000 based on case studies conducted in the territory of Slovakia","volume":"69","author":"Feranec","year":"2017","journal-title":"Geogr. \u010cas."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apgeog.2009.07.003","article-title":"Determining changes and flows in European landscapes 1990\u20132000 using CORINE land cover data","volume":"30","author":"Feranec","year":"2010","journal-title":"Appl. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foreco.2009.12.027","article-title":"Western Carpathian mountain spruce forests after a windthrow: Natural regeneration in cleared and uncleared area","volume":"259","year":"2010","journal-title":"For. Ecol. Manag."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hro\u0161\u0161o, B., Mezei, P., Potterf, M., Majd\u00e1k, A., Bla\u017eenec, M., Korolyov\u00e1, M., and Jaku\u0161, R. (2020). Drivers of Spruce Bark Beetle (Ips typographus) Infestations on Downed Trees after Severe Windthrow. Forests, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/f11121290"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stych, P., Jerabkova, B., Lastovicka, J., Riedl, M., and Paluba, D. (2019). A Comparision of WorldView-2 and Landsat 8 Images for the Classification of Forests Affected by Bark Beetle Outbreaks Using a Support Vector Machine and a Neural Network: A Case Study in the Sumava Mountains. Geosci. J., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/geosciences9090396"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hl\u00e1sny, T., Zimov\u00e1, S., Mergani\u010dov\u00e1, K., \u0160t\u011bp\u00e1nek, P., Modlinger, R., and Tur\u010d\u00e1ni, M. (2021). Devastating outbreak of bark beetles in the Czech Republic: Drivers, impacts, and management implications. For Ecol Manag., 490.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foreco.2021.119075"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foreco.2013.10.020","article-title":"Factors influencing the wind-bark beetles disturbance system in the course of an Ips typhographus outbreak in the Tatra Mountains","volume":"312","author":"Mezei","year":"2014","journal-title":"For. Ecol. Manag."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apgeog.2018.06.006","article-title":"Recent land cover change after the Kyrill windstorm in \u0160umava NP","volume":"97","author":"Romportl","year":"2018","journal-title":"Appl Geogr."},{"key":"ref_44","unstructured":"Bla\u017eenec, M., Potterf, M., Jaku\u0161, R., Mezei, P., and Bal\u00e1\u017e, P. (2018). Anal\u00fdza vz\u0165ahu medzi chr\u00e1nen\u00fdmi \u00fazemiami s bezz\u00e1sahov\u00fdm re\u017eimom a rozpadom smrekov\u00fdch porastov v ich okol\u00ed, \u00dastav ekol\u00f3gie lesa Slovenskej akad\u00e9mie vied, \u0160t\u00e1tna ochrana pr\u00edrody SR."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foreco.2015.02.010","article-title":"Restoration of Central-European mountain Norway spruce forest 15 years after natural and anthropogenetic disturbance","volume":"344","year":"2015","journal-title":"For. Ecol. Manag."},{"key":"ref_46","unstructured":"Kore\u0148, M., Fleischer, P., and \u0160olt\u00e9s, R. (1993). Vyhodnotenie monitoringu zdravotn\u00e9ho stavu lesov TANAP-u k 31.12.1992, Spr\u00e1va TANAP-u."},{"key":"ref_47","unstructured":"Fal\u0165an, V., B\u00e1novsk\u00fd, M., Jan\u010du\u0161ka, D., and Saksa, M. (2008). Zmeny krajinnej pokr\u00fdvky \u00fap\u00e4tia Vysok\u00fdch Tatier po veternej kalamite, Geografika."},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"15","article-title":"Land-cover change in the Tatra Mountains, with a particular focus on vegetation","volume":"12","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Prot. Mt. Areas Res. Manag."},{"key":"ref_49","first-page":"218","article-title":"A high proportion of Norway spruce in mixed stands increases probability of stand failure","volume":"4","author":"Roessiger","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cent. Eur. For. J."},{"key":"ref_50","unstructured":"Kunca, A., Galko, J., and Z\u00fabrik, M. (2014). V\u00fdznamn\u00e9 kalamity v lesoch Slovenska za posledn\u00fdch 50 rokov, Aktu\u00e1lne probl\u00e9my v ochrane lesa 2014, Nov\u00fd Smokovec, Slovakia, 23.-24.4.2014, National Forestry Center."},{"key":"ref_51","first-page":"40","article-title":"Evaluation of the influence of disturbances on forest vegetation using Landsat time series; a case study of the Low Tatras National Park","volume":"1","author":"Holman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Remote Sens."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/13\/19\/3873\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T07:06:00Z","timestamp":1760166360000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/13\/19\/3873"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,27]]},"references-count":51,"journal-issue":{"issue":"19","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10]]}},"alternative-id":["rs13193873"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs13193873","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,27]]}}}