{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T02:23:27Z","timestamp":1760235807031,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,28]],"date-time":"2021-09-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1632787200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Grant No. 42074024","41731066","41774025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Grant No. 42074024","41731066","41774025"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2018YFC1505102"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018YFC1505102"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"The Outstanding Youth Foundation of Shaanxi","award":["2019JC-20"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019JC-20"]}]},{"name":"The Grand Projects of the BeiDou-2 System","award":["GFZX0301040308"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GFZX0301040308"]}]},{"name":"The Special Fund for Basic Scientific Research of Central Colleges","award":["CHD300102268305"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CHD300102268305"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The weighted mean temperature (Tm) is a crucial parameter for determining the tropospheric delay in transforming precipitable water vapor. We used the reanalysis data provided by European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) to analyze the distribution characteristics of Tm in the vertical direction in China. To address the problem that the precision of the traditional linear function model is limited in fitting the Tm profile, a scheme using the linear and Fourier functions to fit the Tm profile was constructed. Based on the least squares principle (LSQ) to fit the change in its coefficients over time, a Tm model for China with nonlinear elevation correction (CTm-h) was constructed. The experimental results show that, using ECMWF and radiosonde data to evaluate the precision of the CTm-h model, the RMS is 3.43 K and 4.64 K, respectively. Compared to GPT2w, the precision of the CTm-h model in China is increased by about 26.8%. The CTm-h model provides a significant improvement in the correction effect of Tm in the vertical direction, and the Tm profile calculated by the model is closer to the reference value.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13193887","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,28]],"date-time":"2021-09-28T21:39:29Z","timestamp":1632865169000},"page":"3887","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["A Weighted Mean Temperature Model with Nonlinear Elevation Correction Using China as an Example"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4348-3968","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hai","family":"Zhu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth and Space Sciences, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kejie","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth and Space Sciences, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Guanwen","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Geology Engineering and Geomatics, Chang\u2019an University, Xi\u2019an 710054, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s40623-018-0795-7","article-title":"Detection of water vapor time variations associated with heavy rain in northern Italy by geodetic and low-cost GNSS receivers","volume":"70","author":"Barindelli","year":"2018","journal-title":"Earth Planets Space"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1897","DOI":"10.1007\/s00190-019-01290-6","article-title":"On the suitability of ERA5 in hourly GPS precipitable water vapor retrieval over China","volume":"93","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. 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