{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,15]],"date-time":"2026-03-15T14:19:22Z","timestamp":1773584362623,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,29]],"date-time":"2021-09-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1632873600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41864002 and 41704027"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41864002 and 41704027"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004607","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Guangxi Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2018GXNSFAA281182; 2018GXNSFAA281279 and 2020GXNSFBA297145"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018GXNSFAA281182; 2018GXNSFAA281279 and 2020GXNSFBA297145"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004607","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Innovation Project of Guangxi Graduate Education","award":["YCSW202109"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["YCSW202109"]}]},{"name":"\u201cBa Gui Scholars\u201d program of the provincial government of Guangxi","award":["."],"award-info":[{"award-number":["."]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Precipitable water vapor (PWV) plays a vital role in climate research, especially for Antarctica in which meteorological observations are insufficient due to the adverse climate and topography therein. Reanalysis data sets provide a great opportunity for Antarctic water vapor research. This study investigates the climatological PWV means, variability and trends over Antarctica from four reanalyses, including the fifth generation of European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) Reanalysis (ERA5), the Second Modern-Era Retrospective analysis for Research and Applications (MERRA-2), Japanese 55-year Reanalysis (JRA-55) and National Centers for Environmental Prediction\/Department of Energy (NCEP\/DOE), in the period of 2001\u20132018 based on radiosonde and GNSS observations. PWV data from the ERA5, MERRA-2, JRA-55 and NCEP\/DOE have been evaluated by radiosonde and GNSS observations, showing that ERA5 and MERRA-2 perform better than JRA-55 and NCEP\/DOE with mean root mean square (RMS) errors below 1.2 mm. The climatological PWV mean distribution over Antarctica roughly shows a decreasing trend from west to east, with the highest content in summer and the lowest content in winter. The PWV variability is generally small over Antarctica, showing a seasonal dependence that is larger in the cold season and smaller in the warm season. PWV trends for all reanalyses at most Antarctic regions are insignificant and most reanalyses present overall drying trends from 2001 to 2018, except for ERA5 exhibiting a moistening trend. PWV trends also show seasonal and regional dependence. All reanalyses are generally consistent with radiosonde and GNSS observations in reproducing the PWV means (mean differences within 1.1 mm), variability (mean differences within 3%) and trends (mean differences within 6.4% decade\u22121) over Antarctica, except for NCEP\/DOE showing spurious variability and trends in East Antarctica. Results can help us further understand these four reanalysis PWV products and promote climate research in Antarctica.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13193901","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,8]],"date-time":"2021-10-08T21:26:20Z","timestamp":1633728380000},"page":"3901","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Investigation of Antarctic Precipitable Water Vapor Variability and Trend from 18 Year (2001 to 2018) Data of Four Reanalyses Based on Radiosonde and GNSS Observations"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9400-2407","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhixiang","family":"Mo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Geomatics and Geoinformation, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, China"},{"name":"Guangxi Key Laboratory of Spatial Information and Geomatics, Guilin 541004, China"}]},{"given":"Zhaoliang","family":"Zeng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chinese Antarctic Center of Surveying and Mapping, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4241-3730","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Liangke","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Geomatics and Geoinformation, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, China"},{"name":"Guangxi Key Laboratory of Spatial Information and Geomatics, Guilin 541004, China"}]},{"given":"Lilong","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Geomatics and Geoinformation, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, China"},{"name":"Guangxi Key Laboratory of Spatial Information and Geomatics, Guilin 541004, China"}]},{"given":"Ling","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Geomatics and Geoinformation, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, China"},{"name":"Guangxi Key Laboratory of Spatial Information and Geomatics, Guilin 541004, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9349-6265","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lv","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Geomatics and Geoinformation, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, China"},{"name":"Guangxi Key Laboratory of Spatial Information and Geomatics, Guilin 541004, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2591-6619","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chao","family":"Ren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Geomatics and Geoinformation, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, China"},{"name":"Guangxi Key Laboratory of Spatial Information and Geomatics, Guilin 541004, China"}]},{"given":"Hongchang","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Geomatics and Geoinformation, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, China"},{"name":"Guangxi Key Laboratory of Spatial Information and Geomatics, Guilin 541004, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1007\/s00382-005-0017-4","article-title":"Trends and variability in column-integrated atmospheric water vapor","volume":"24","author":"Trenberth","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clim. 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