{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T02:24:11Z","timestamp":1760235851010,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":7,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,30]],"date-time":"2021-09-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1632960000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Information was obtained on the possibility of detecting oil-in-water emulsions located under the sea based on the modelling of the directional distribution of the radiance field above the water surface. The optical sea model used applies to the southern Baltic Sea, while the oil emulsion model is based on the optical properties of crude oil extracted in this region of the sea. The analyses were carried out while taking into account eight wavelengths in the range 412\u2013676 nm, assuming different thicknesses of the layer contaminated with oil. The most favourable combination of two wavelengths (555\/412 nm) for the determination of an index related to the polluted sea area compared to the same index for oil-free water (difference index) was identified, the value of which is indicative of the presence of the oil emulsion in water. Changes in the difference index depending on the viewing direction are shown for almost the entire upper hemisphere (zenith angles from 0\u00b0 to 80\u00b0). The observation directions for which the detection of emulsions should be the most effective are shown.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13193927","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,8]],"date-time":"2021-10-08T21:26:20Z","timestamp":1633728380000},"page":"3927","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Modelling the Spectral Index to Detect a Baltic-Type Crude Oil Emulsion Dispersed in the Southern Baltic Sea"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Zbigniew","family":"Otremba","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics, Gdynia Maritime University, 81-225 Gdynia, Poland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3386-6604","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jacek","family":"Piskozub","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Oceanology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Powsta\u0144c\u00f3w Warszawy, 81-712 Sopot, Poland"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2125","DOI":"10.1007\/s11276-019-02054-y","article-title":"Performance analysis of electromagnetic (EM) wave in sea water medium","volume":"26","author":"Singh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Wirel. Netw."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baszanowska, E., Otremba, Z., and Piskozub, J. (2021). Modelling the Visibility of Baltic-Type Crude Oil Emulsion Dispersed in the Southern Baltic Sea. Remote Sens., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13101917"},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"198","article-title":"Statistics of the sea surface derived from sun glitter","volume":"13","author":"Cox","year":"1954","journal-title":"J. Mar. Res."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6902","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.427978","article-title":"Multiband directional reflectance properties of oil-in-water emulsion: Application for identification of oil spill types","volume":"60","author":"Lai","year":"2021","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1186\/s40068-021-00241-5","article-title":"Dispersants as marine oil spill treating agents: A review on mesoscale tests and field trials","volume":"10","author":"Merlin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Syst. Res."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baszanowska, E., Otremba, Z., and Piskozub, J. (2020). Modelling Remote Sensing Reflectance to Detect Dispersed Oil at Sea. Sensors, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/s20030863"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baszanowska, E., Otremba, Z., and Piskozub, J. (2020). Modelling a Spectral Index to Detect Dispersed Oil in a Seawater Column Depending on the Viewing Angle: Gulf of Gda\u0144sk Case Study. Sensors, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/s20185352"}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/13\/19\/3927\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T07:08:04Z","timestamp":1760166484000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/13\/19\/3927"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,30]]},"references-count":7,"journal-issue":{"issue":"19","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10]]}},"alternative-id":["rs13193927"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs13193927","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2072-4292"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,30]]}}}