{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,11]],"date-time":"2026-07-11T15:34:16Z","timestamp":1783784056585,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":86,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,2]],"date-time":"2021-10-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1633132800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U1603241"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U1603241"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>High-frequency monitoring of suspended particulate matter (SPM) concentration can improve water resource management. Missing high-resolution satellite images could hamper remote-sensing SPM monitoring. This study resolved the problem by applying spatiotemporal fusion technology to obtain high spatial resolution and dense time-series data to fill image-data gaps. Three data sources (MODIS, Landsat 8, and Sentinel 2) and two spatiotemporal fusion methods (the enhanced spatial and temporal adaptive reflectance fusion model (ESTARFM) and the flexible spatiotemporal data fusion (FSDAF)) were used to reconstruct missing satellite images. We compared their fusion accuracy and verified the consistency of fusion images between data sources. For the fusion images, we used random forest (RF) and XGBoost as inversion methods and set \u201cfusion first\u201d and \u201cinversion first\u201d strategies to test the method\u2019s feasibility in Ebinur Lake, Xinjiang, arid northwestern China. Our results showed that (1) the blue, green, red, and NIR bands of ESTARFM fusion image were better than FSDAF, with a good consistency (R2 \u2265 0.54) between the fused Landsat 8, Sentinel 2 images, and their original images; (2) the original image and fusion image offered RF inversion effect better than XGBoost. The inversion accuracy based on Landsat 8 and Sentinel 2 were R2 0.67 and 0.73, respectively. The correlation of SPM distribution maps of the two data sources attained a good consistency of R2 0.51; (3) in retrieving SPM from fused images, the \u201cfusion first\u201d strategy had better accuracy. The optimal combination was ESTARFM (Landsat 8)_RF and ESTARFM (Sentinel 2)_RF, consistent with original SPM maps (R2 = 0.38, 0.41, respectively). Overall, the spatiotemporal fusion model provided effective SPM monitoring under the image-absence scenario, with good consistency in the inversion of SPM. The findings provided the research basis for long-term and high-frequency remote-sensing SPM monitoring and high-precision smart water resource management.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13193952","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,8]],"date-time":"2021-10-08T21:26:20Z","timestamp":1633728380000},"page":"3952","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Feasibility of the Spatiotemporal Fusion Model in Monitoring Ebinur Lake\u2019s Suspended Particulate Matter under the Missing-Data Scenario"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Changjiang","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China"},{"name":"Xinjiang Institute of Technology, Aksu 843000, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Wisdom City and Environment Modeling of Higher Education Institute, College of Resources and Environmental Science, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pan","family":"Duan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Wisdom City and Environment Modeling of Higher Education Institute, College of Resources and Environmental Science, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1194-8513","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fei","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Wisdom City and Environment Modeling of Higher Education Institute, College of Resources and Environmental Science, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China"},{"name":"Engineering Research Center of Central Asia Geoinformation Development and Utilization, National Administration of Surveying, Mapping and Geoinformation, Urumqi 830002, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4052-8363","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chi-Yung","family":"Jim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Social Sciences, Education University of Hong Kong, Lo Ping Road, Tai Po, Hong Kong 999077, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3939-0336","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mou Leong","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GeoInformatic Unit, Geography Section, School of Humanities, Universiti Sains Malaysia, USM, Penang 11800, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3257-3922","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ngai Weng","family":"Chan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GeoInformatic Unit, Geography Section, School of Humanities, Universiti Sains Malaysia, USM, Penang 11800, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2018.10.027","article-title":"Sentinel-2\/Landsat-8 product consistency and implications for monitoring aquatic systems","volume":"220","author":"Pahlevan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Remote Sens. 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