{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,9]],"date-time":"2026-02-09T23:33:25Z","timestamp":1770680005774,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,2]],"date-time":"2021-10-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1633132800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["OPP-1821002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["OPP-1821002"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Lakes in direct contact with glaciers (ice-marginal lakes) are found across alpine and polar landscapes. Many studies characterize ice-marginal lake behavior over multi-decadal timescales using either episodic ~annual images or multi-year mosaics. However, ice-marginal lakes are dynamic features that experience short-term (i.e., day to year) variations in area and volume superimposed on longer-term trends. Through aliasing, this short-term variability could result in erroneous long-term estimates of lake change. We develop and implement an automated workflow in Google Earth Engine to quantify monthly behavior of ice-marginal lakes between 2013 and 2019 across south-central Alaska using Landsat 8 imagery. We employ a supervised Mahalanobis minimum-distance land cover classifier incorporating three datasets found to maximize classifier performance: shortwave infrared imagery, the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), and spatially filtered panchromatic reflectance. We observe physically-meaningful ice-marginal lake area variance on sub-annual timescales, with the median area fluctuation of an ice-marginal lake found to be 10.8% of its average area. The median signal (slow lake growth) to noise (physically-meaningful short-term area variability) ratio is 1.5:1, indicating that short-term variability is responsible for ~33% of observed area change in the median ice-marginal lake. The magnitude of short-term area variability is similar for ice-marginal and nonglacial lakes, suggesting that the cause of observed variations is not of glacial origin. These data provide a new context for interpreting behaviors observed in multi-decadal studies and encourage attention to sub-annual behavior of ice-marginal lakes even in long-term studies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13193955","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,8]],"date-time":"2021-10-08T21:26:20Z","timestamp":1633728380000},"page":"3955","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Short-Term Variability in Alaska Ice-Marginal Lake Area: Implications for Long-Term Studies"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Anton M.","family":"Hengst","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geological and Environmental Sciences, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC 28608, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5581-6109","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"William","family":"Armstrong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geological and Environmental Sciences, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC 28608, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0516-7577","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Brianna","family":"Rick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geosciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9462-6842","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel","family":"McGrath","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geosciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1111\/gto.12094","article-title":"Deglaciation and proglacial lakes","volume":"31","author":"Tweed","year":"2015","journal-title":"Geol. 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