{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,17]],"date-time":"2026-01-17T20:09:41Z","timestamp":1768680581670,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,3]],"date-time":"2021-10-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1633219200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41871223"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41871223"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The forest landscape pattern evolution can reveal the intensity and mode of action of human\u2013land relationships at different times and in different spaces, providing scientific support for regional ecological security, human settlement health, and sustainable development. In this study, we proposed a novel method for analyzing the dynamics of landscape patterns. First, patch density (PD), largest patch index (LPI), landscape shape index (LSI), and contiguity index (CI) were used to identify the types of forest spatial patterns. The frequent sequential pattern mining method was used to detect the frequent subsequences from the time series of landscape pattern types from 1991 to 2020 and further evaluate the forest landscape stability of the Fenhe River Basin in China. The results show that different frequent sequence patterns have conspicuous spatial and temporal differences, which describe the evolution processes and stability changes during a certain period of forest evolution and play an important role in the analysis of forest dynamics. The proportion of the disturbed regions to the total forest area exhibited a downward trend. The long-term evolution pattern indicates that there are many evolution processes and trends in the forest at the same time, showing an aggregation distribution law. Compared with 2016, the forest landscape has become complete in 2020, and the overall stability of the Fenhe River Basin has improved. This study can provide scientific support to land managers and policy implementers and offer a new perspective for studying forest landscape pattern changes and evaluating landscape stability.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13193963","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,8]],"date-time":"2021-10-08T21:26:20Z","timestamp":1633728380000},"page":"3963","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Extracting Frequent Sequential Patterns of Forest Landscape Dynamics in Fenhe River Basin, Northern China, from Landsat Time Series to Evaluate Landscape Stability"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Yue","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Information Engineering, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, China"}]},{"given":"Xiangnan","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Information Engineering, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, China"}]},{"given":"Qin","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Information Engineering, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, China"}]},{"given":"Zhaolun","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Information Engineering, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, China"}]},{"given":"Yu","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Information Engineering, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1008071307848","article-title":"Controlling spatial structure of forested landscapes: A case study towards landscape management","volume":"14","author":"Baskent","year":"1999","journal-title":"Landsc. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1111772","article-title":"Global Consequences of Land Use","volume":"309","author":"Foley","year":"2005","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1011","DOI":"10.1007\/s10980-011-9625-z","article-title":"Stability of ecosystem functioning and diversity of grasslands at the landscape scale","volume":"26","author":"Oesterheld","year":"2011","journal-title":"Landsc. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocon.2005.10.003","article-title":"Comparing the potential effectiveness of conservation planning approaches in central North Carolina, USA","volume":"128","author":"Hess","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biol. Conserv."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"940","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2019.05.334","article-title":"Tempo-spatial changes and main anthropogenic influence factors of vegetation fractional coverage in a large-scale opencast coal mine area from 1992 to 2015","volume":"232","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yan, D., Bai, Z., and Liu, X. (2020). Heavy-Metal Pollution Characteristics and Influencing Factors in Agricultural Soils: Evidence from Shuozhou City, Shanxi Province, China. Sustainability, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/su12051907"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s12665-016-5383-1","article-title":"Characteristic analysis and pattern evolution on landscape types in typical compound area of mine agriculture urban in Shanxi Province, China","volume":"75","author":"Cao","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Earth Sci."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoleng.2014.03.041","article-title":"Quantifying isolation effect of urban growth on key ecological areas","volume":"69","author":"Xun","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ecol. Eng."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.2980\/21-1-3667","article-title":"Effects of ecological continuity on species richness and composition in forests and woodlands: A review","volume":"21","author":"Dahlberg","year":"2014","journal-title":"\u00c9coscience"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2007.03.043","article-title":"Implementing Landscape Fragmentation as an Indicator in the Swiss Monitoring System of Sustainable Development (MOnet)","volume":"88","author":"Jaeger","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manag."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2015.05.005","article-title":"Attribution of disturbance change agent from Landsat time-series in support of habitat monitoring in the Puget Sound region, USA","volume":"166","author":"Kennedy","year":"2015","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shimizu, K., Ahmed, O.S., Ponce-Hernandez, R., Ota, T., Win, Z.C., Mizoue, N., and Yoshida, S. (2017). Attribution of Disturbance Agents to Forest Change Using a Landsat Time Series in Tropical Seasonal Forests in the Bago Mountains, Myanmar. Forests, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/f8060218"},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"18","article-title":"Advance in Research of the Relationship between Landscape Patterns and Ecological Processes","volume":"27","author":"Hu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Prog. Geog."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1007\/s11769-011-0480-2","article-title":"Landscape Ecology: Coupling of Pattern, Process, and Scale","volume":"21","author":"Bojie","year":"2011","journal-title":"Chin. Geogr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"718","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2016.11.036","article-title":"Impacts of changes in climate and landscape pattern on ecosystem services","volume":"579","author":"Hao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"88","article-title":"Evaluation on the Forest Landscape Stability of Liuxi River National Forest Park","volume":"1","author":"Xiao","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Cent. South Univ. For. Technol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127522","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2021.127522","article-title":"Spati-otemporal Patterns and Modifiable Areal Unit Problems of the Landscape Ecological Risk in Coastal Areas: A Case Study of the Shandong Peninsula, China","volume":"310","author":"Ju","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2018.12.027","article-title":"Impact of time on interpretations of forest fragmentation: Three-decades of fragmentation dynamics over Canada","volume":"222","author":"Hermosilla","year":"2019","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1080\/02723646.2016.1248212","article-title":"Land-use\/land-cover change and forest fragmentation in the Jigme Dorji National Park, Bhutan","volume":"38","author":"Sharma","year":"2017","journal-title":"Phys. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2664.1999.00377.x","article-title":"The influence of forest fragmentation and landscape pattern on American martens","volume":"36","author":"Hargis","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Appl. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, J., Yang, X., Wang, Z., Zhang, T., and Liu, X. (2021). Remote Sensing Based Spatial-Temporal Moni-toring of the Changes in Coastline Mangrove Forests in China over the Last 40 Years. Remote. Sens., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13101986"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecss.2018.10.005","article-title":"Characterizing landscape patterns in changing mangrove ecosystems at high latitudes using spatial metrics","volume":"215","author":"Suyadi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Estuarine Coast. Shelf Sci."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1008129329289","article-title":"Landscape division, splitting index, and effective mesh size: New measures of landscape fragmentation","volume":"15","author":"Jaeger","year":"2000","journal-title":"Landsc. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1007\/s10980-006-9013-2","article-title":"Mapping Spatial Patterns with Morphological Image Processing","volume":"22","author":"Vogt","year":"2007","journal-title":"Landsc. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1007\/s40333-014-0047-z","article-title":"Assessment of wetland fragmentation in the middle reaches of the Heihe River by the type change tracker model","volume":"7","author":"Zhao","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Arid Land"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cosentino, B.J., and Schooley, R.L. (2021, March 25). Dispersal and Wetland Fragmentation. Available online: https:\/\/landscapemosaic.org\/documents\/cosentino_wetland_2018.pdf.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-90-481-9659-3_56"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, Y., Shen, W., Li, M., and Lv, Y. (2020). Integrating Landsat Time Series Observations and Corona Images to Characterize Forest Change Patterns in a Mining Region of Nanjing, Eastern China from 1967 to 2019. Remote Sens., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12193191"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106961","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2020.106961","article-title":"Hydrological and landscape dynamics of floodplain wetlands of the Diara region, Eastern India","volume":"121","author":"Mukherjee","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"102254","article-title":"Characterising Three Decades of Evolution of Forest Spatial Pattern in a Major Coal-Energy Province in Northern China Using Annual Landsat Time Series","volume":"95","author":"Yu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Earth Obs. Geoinf."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.1007\/s10980-019-00801-2","article-title":"Spatio-temporal characteristics and driving forces of landscape structure changes in the middle reach of the Heihe River Basin from 1990 to 2015","volume":"34","author":"Xiao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Landsc. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"634","DOI":"10.1111\/2041-210X.12198","article-title":"Measuring habitat fragmentation: An evaluation of landscape pattern metrics","volume":"5","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Methods Ecol. Evol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2012.03.021","article-title":"The Grain for Green Project induced land cover change in the Loess Plateau: A case study with Ansai County, Shanxi Province, China","volume":"23","author":"Zhou","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4170","DOI":"10.2307\/4170","article-title":"Markovian Approaches to Ecological Succession","volume":"48","author":"Usher","year":"1979","journal-title":"J. Anim. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00052009","article-title":"On the dynamics of vegetation: Markov chains as models of succession","volume":"40","year":"1979","journal-title":"Vegetatio"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3011","DOI":"10.1139\/x05-198","article-title":"An application of Markov models to the dynamics of Minnesota\u2019s forests","volume":"35","author":"Pastor","year":"2005","journal-title":"Can. J. For. Res."},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"81","article-title":"Cellular Automata as a Paradigm for Ecological Modeling","volume":"27","author":"Hogeweg","year":"1988","journal-title":"Appl. Math. Comput."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1080\/07038992.1999.10874739","article-title":"Forest Dynamics: A Spatial Gap Model Simulated on a Cellular Au-tomata Network","volume":"25","author":"Lett","year":"1999","journal-title":"Can. J. Remote. Sens."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landurbplan.2009.12.001","article-title":"Landscape metrics and topographical determinants of large-scale forest dynamics in a Mediterranean landscape","volume":"95","author":"Geri","year":"2010","journal-title":"Landsc. Urban Plan."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-4257(99)00070-X","article-title":"Estimating Error in an Analysis of Forest Fragmentation Change Using North American Landscape Characterization (NALC) Data","volume":"71","author":"Brown","year":"2000","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"97","article-title":"Four decades of land cover and forest connectivity study in Zambia\u2014An object-based image analysis approach","volume":"79","author":"Phiri","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Earth Obs. Geoinf."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1023\/B:LAND.0000030441.15628.d6","article-title":"Use and misuse of landscape indices","volume":"19","author":"Li","year":"2004","journal-title":"Landsc. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agee.2003.09.024","article-title":"Agricultural landscape change and stability in northeast Thailand: Historical patch-level analysis","volume":"101","year":"2004","journal-title":"Agric. Ecosyst. Environ."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00125352","article-title":"A revised concept of landscape equilibrium: Disturbance and stability on scaled landscapes","volume":"8","author":"Turner","year":"1993","journal-title":"Landsc. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbi.2014.09.003","article-title":"The use of sequential pattern mining to predict next prescribed medications","volume":"53","author":"Wright","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Inform."},{"key":"ref_45","unstructured":"Agrawal, R., and Srikant, R. (1995, January 6\u201310). Mining Sequential Patterns. Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Data Engineering, Taipei, Taiwan."},{"key":"ref_46","first-page":"393","article-title":"Finding frequent trajectories by clustering and sequential pattern mining","volume":"1","author":"Shaw","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Traffic Transp. Eng. Eng. Ed."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100230","DOI":"10.1016\/j.waojou.2020.100230","article-title":"Evaluation of Relationships between Atopic Dermatitis and Infectious Disorders Using Sequential Pattern Mining","volume":"13","author":"Han","year":"2020","journal-title":"World Allergy Organ. J."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110341","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2020.110341","article-title":"Mining sequential patterns of PM2.5 pollution between 338 cities in China","volume":"262","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manag."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1417","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2010.2081372","article-title":"Unsupervised Spatiotemporal Mining of Satellite Image Time Series Using Grouped Frequent Sequential Patterns","volume":"49","author":"Julea","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gao, F., Wang, Y., Chen, X., and Yang, W. (2020). Trend Analysis of Rainfall Time Series in Shanxi Province, Northern China (1957\u20132019). Water, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/w12092335"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63134","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.2984013","article-title":"Environmental Risk and Policy Choices in an Energy Intensive Region of China\u2014An Empirical Study in Shanxi Province","volume":"8","author":"Peng","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1006\/jema.2000.0353","article-title":"Ecological restoration and land reclamation in open-cast mines in Shanxi Province, China","volume":"59","author":"Miao","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manag."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Prokopov\u00e1, M., Salvati, L., Egidi, G., Cudl\u00edn, O., V\u010del\u00e1kov\u00e1, R., Plch, R., and Cudl\u00edn, P. (2019). Envi-sioning Present and Future Land-Use Change under Varying Ecological Regimes and Their Influence on Landscape Stability. Sustainability, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/su11174654"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, X., Huang, H., Gong, P., Biging, G., Xin, Q., Chen, Y., Yang, J., and Liu, C. (2016). Quanti-fying Multi-Decadal Change of Planted Forest Cover Using Airborne Lidar and Landsat Imagery. Remote. Sens., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs8010062"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1010933404324","article-title":"Random Forests","volume":"45","author":"Breiman","year":"2001","journal-title":"Mach. Learn."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00158551","article-title":"A Factor Analysis of Landscape Pattern and Structure Metrics","volume":"10","author":"Riitters","year":"1995","journal-title":"Landsc. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_57","unstructured":"McGarigal, K. (2015). Fragstats Help, University of Massachusetts."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1080\/01431169008955007","article-title":"The spatial variation of vegetation changes at very coarse scales","volume":"11","author":"Townshend","year":"1990","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1080\/01431168808954847","article-title":"Selecting the spatial resolution of satellite sensors required for global monitoring of land transformations","volume":"9","author":"Townshend","year":"1988","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2017.12.034","article-title":"Effects of landscape fragmentation on land loss","volume":"209","author":"Lam","year":"2018","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00337288","article-title":"Self-organized formation of topologically correct feature maps","volume":"43","author":"Kohonen","year":"1982","journal-title":"Biol. Cybern."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11391","DOI":"10.3390\/rs61111391","article-title":"Identification of Ecosystem Functional Types from Coarse Resolution Imagery Using a Self-Organizing Map Approach: A Case Study for Spain","volume":"6","author":"Moreno","year":"2014","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foreco.2012.08.013","article-title":"Land cover changes and forest succession trends in a site of Natura 2000 network (Elatia forest), in northern Greece","volume":"285","author":"Oikonomakis","year":"2012","journal-title":"For. Ecol. Manag."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.5424\/fs\/2020292-15680","article-title":"Secondary forest succession in Silver birch (Betula pendula Roth) and Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) southern limits in Europe, in a site of Natura 2000 network\u2014An ecogeographical approach","volume":"29","author":"Oikonomakis","year":"2020","journal-title":"For. Syst."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2261","DOI":"10.1002\/2014JG002820","article-title":"Satellite evidence for significant biophysical consequences of the \u201cGrain for Green\u201d Program on the Loess Plateau in China","volume":"119","author":"Xiao","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Biogeosciences"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1019","DOI":"10.1038\/nclimate3092","article-title":"Revegetation in China\u2019s Loess Plateau is approaching sustainable water resource limits","volume":"6","author":"Feng","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Clim. Chang."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landurbplan.2009.07.012","article-title":"Spatial Context of Urbanization: Landscape Pattern and Changes between 1950 and 1990 in the Warsaw Metropolitan Area, Poland","volume":"93","author":"Solon","year":"2009","journal-title":"Landsc. Urban Plan."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landurbplan.2012.02.009","article-title":"Identifying change trajectories and evolutive phases on coastal landscapes. Case study: S\u00e3o Sebasti\u00e3o Island, Brazil","volume":"106","author":"Bertolo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Landsc. Urban Plan."},{"key":"ref_69","unstructured":"Wu, J., Jelinski, D.E., and Qi, Y. (1994, January 21\u201326). Spatial Pattern Analysis of a Boreal Forest Landscape: Scale Effects and Interpretation. Proceedings of the VI International Congress of Ecology (INTECOL), Manchester, UK."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2897","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2010.07.008","article-title":"Detecting trends in forest disturbance and recovery using yearly Landsat time series: 1. LandTrendr\u2014Temporal segmentation algorithms","volume":"114","author":"Kennedy","year":"2010","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2014.01.011","article-title":"Continuous change detection and classification of land cover using all available Landsat data","volume":"144","author":"Zhu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2011.09.024","article-title":"Spatial and temporal patterns of forest disturbance and regrowth within the area of the Northwest Forest Plan","volume":"122","author":"Kennedy","year":"2012","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106985","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2020.106985","article-title":"Establishing forest resilience indicators in the hilly red soil region of southern China from vegetation greenness and landscape metrics using dense Landsat time series","volume":"121","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/13\/19\/3963\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T07:09:03Z","timestamp":1760166543000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/13\/19\/3963"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,3]]},"references-count":73,"journal-issue":{"issue":"19","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10]]}},"alternative-id":["rs13193963"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs13193963","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,3]]}}}