{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,16]],"date-time":"2026-04-16T21:52:00Z","timestamp":1776376320293,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,5]],"date-time":"2021-10-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1633392000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"The Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology","award":["KAKEN 19K06216"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KAKEN 19K06216"]}]},{"name":"The Environment Research and Technology Development Fund of the Environmental Restoration and Conservation Agency of Japan","award":["4-2102"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["4-2102"]}]},{"name":"Japan Fisheries Agency (promotion project to precisely estimate fish stock size around Japan)","award":["no grant number"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["no grant number"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In July\u2013August 2021, intense marine heatwaves (MHWs) occurred at the sea surface over extensive areas of the northwestern Pacific Ocean, including the entire Sea of Japan and part of the Sea of Okhotsk. In extent and intensity, these MHWs were the largest since 1982, when satellite measurements of global sea surface temperatures started. The MHWs in summer 2021 were observed at the sea surface and occurred concomitantly with a stable shallow oceanic surface boundary layer. The distribution of the MHWs was strongly related to heat fluxes at the sea surface, indicating that the MHWs were generated mainly by atmospheric forcing. The MHWs started to develop after around 10 July, concurrent with an extreme northward shift of the atmospheric westerly jet. The MHWs developed rapidly under an atmospheric high-pressure system near the sea surface, associated with a northwestward expansion of the North Pacific Subtropical High. The MHWs exhibited peaks around 30 July to 1 August. Subsequently, following the southward displacement of the westerly jet, the MHWs weakened and then shrank abruptly, synchronously with rapid deepening of the oceanic surface boundary layer. By 18 August, the MHWs had disappeared.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13193989","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,8]],"date-time":"2021-10-08T21:26:20Z","timestamp":1633728380000},"page":"3989","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":61,"title":["Extensive Marine Heatwaves at the Sea Surface in the Northwestern Pacific Ocean in Summer 2021"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9659-2551","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hiroshi","family":"Kuroda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Fisheries Resources Institute (Kushiro), Japan Fisheries Research and Education Agency, Kushiro 085-0802, Hokkaido, Japan"}]},{"given":"Takashi","family":"Setou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fisheries Resources Institute (Yokohama), Japan Fisheries Research and Education Agency, Yokohama 236-8648, Kanagawa, Japan"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Field, C.B., Barros, V., Stocker, T.F., Qin, D., Dokken, D.J., Ebi, K.L., Mastrandrea, M.D., Mach, K.J., Plattner, G.-K., and Allen, S.K. 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