{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,10]],"date-time":"2026-03-10T15:02:07Z","timestamp":1773154927010,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,6]],"date-time":"2021-10-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1633478400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Clouds play an important role in the energy and moisture cycle of the earth\u2013atmosphere system, which affects many important processes in nature and human societies. However, there are very few fine-grained and high-precision global cloud climatology data available for high-resolution models. In this paper, we produced a fine-grained (1 km resolution) global land cloud climatology (GLHCC) report based on MOD09 cloud masks from 2001 to 2016, with a temporal resolution of 10 days. The two improvements (short-wave infrared and Band 2\/6 ratio threshold method) on the original MOD09 cloud mask have reduced the snow, ice, and bright areas mistakenly classified as clouds. The preliminary cloud products undergo the removal of orbital artifacts by Variational Stationary Noise Remover (VSNR) and the removal of abnormal albedo areas to generate the final cloud climatology data. The new product was directly validated by ground-based cloud observations collected from 3777 global weather stations. PATMOS-X from the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) and MOD\/MYD35 served as comparison products for consistency check of GLHCC. The assessment results show that GLHCC demonstrated a strong correlation with ground station observations, MOD\/MYD35, and PATMOS-X. When the ground observations were taken as the truth value, GLHCC and MOD\/MYD35 displayed higher accuracy than PATMOS-X. In most selected interested areas where the three behave differently, GLHCC matched the facts better than MOD\/MYD35 and PATMOS-X. The GLHCC can well represent the cloud distribution over the past 16 years and will play an important role in the fine-grained demands of many aspects of nature and human society.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13193997","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,8]],"date-time":"2021-10-08T21:26:20Z","timestamp":1633728380000},"page":"3997","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Global Land High-Resolution Cloud Climatology Based on an Improved MOD09 Cloud Mask"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Shuyan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China"},{"name":"School of Electronic, Electrical and Communication Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}]},{"given":"Yong","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China"}]},{"given":"Fu","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China"}]},{"given":"Erping","family":"Shang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8693-8355","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wutao","family":"Yao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1313-6313","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yubao","family":"Qiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China"}]},{"given":"Jianbo","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"766","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0442(1989)002<0766:LCRFAD>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Longwave cloud radiative forcing as determined from nimbus-7 observations","volume":"2","author":"Ardanuy","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Clim."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1126\/science.243.4887.57","article-title":"Cloud-radiative forcing and climate: Results from the Earth radiation budget experiment","volume":"243","author":"Ramanathan","year":"1989","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469(1981)038<0235:CACSOS>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Clouds and climate\u2014Sensitivity of simple systems","volume":"38","author":"Stephens","year":"1981","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Sci."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1175\/2008BAMS2634.1","article-title":"Earth\u2019s global energy budget","volume":"90","author":"Trenberth","year":"2009","journal-title":"Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2699.2008.02025.x","article-title":"Significance of summer fog and overcast for drought stress and ecological functioning of coastal California endemic plant species","volume":"36","author":"Fischer","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Biogeogr."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1111\/ele.12039","article-title":"The incidence and implications of clouds for cloud forest plant water relations","volume":"16","author":"Goldsmith","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ecol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1167","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0493(1986)114<1167:IOCCOW>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Influence of cirrus clouds on weather and climate processes\u2014A global perspective","volume":"114","author":"Liou","year":"1986","journal-title":"Mon. Weather Rev."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1016\/j.baae.2007.09.007","article-title":"Cloud frequency correlates to plant species composition in the high Andes of Ecuador","volume":"9","author":"Sklenar","year":"2008","journal-title":"Basic Appl. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"WMO (1983). Guide to Meteorological Instruments and Methods of Observation, Secretariat of the World Meteorological Organization."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1429","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0442(1995)008<1429:TEOMOO>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"The effect of moonlight on observation of cloud cover at night, and application to cloud climatology","volume":"8","author":"Hahn","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Clim."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1031","DOI":"10.1175\/BAMS-D-12-00117.1","article-title":"Assessment of global cloud datasets from satellites: Project and database initiated by the GEWEX radiation panel","volume":"94","author":"Stubenrauch","year":"2013","journal-title":"Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"909","DOI":"10.1175\/BAMS-D-12-00246.1","article-title":"The pathfinder atmospheres-extended AVHRR climate dataset","volume":"95","author":"Heidinger","year":"2014","journal-title":"Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1175\/JCLI-D-11-00666.1","article-title":"PATMOS-x: Results from a diurnally corrected 30-yr satellite cloud climatology","volume":"26","author":"Foster","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Clim."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Foster, M.J., Heidinger, A., Hiley, M., Wanzong, S., and Botambekov, D. (2016). PATMOS-x cloud climate record trend sensitivity to reanalysis products. Remote Sens., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs8050424"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5351","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-13-5351-2013","article-title":"CLARA-A1: A cloud, albedo, and radiation dataset from 28 yr of global AVHRR data","volume":"13","author":"Karlsson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem Phys."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5809","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-17-5809-2017","article-title":"CLARA-A2: The second edition of the CM SAF cloud and radiation data record from 34 years of global AVHRR data","volume":"17","author":"Karlsson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0477-64.7.779","article-title":"The International-Satellite-Cloud-Climatology-Project (ISCCP)\u2014The 1st project of the world-climate-research-programme","volume":"64","author":"Schiffer","year":"1983","journal-title":"Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1498","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0477(1985)066<1498:IGRDSA>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"ISCCP global radiance data set\u2014A new resource for climate research","volume":"66","author":"Schiffer","year":"1985","journal-title":"Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0477(1991)072<0002:ICDP>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"ISCCP cloud data products","volume":"72","author":"Rossow","year":"1991","journal-title":"Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1088","DOI":"10.1109\/36.700993","article-title":"Prelaunch characteristics of the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) on EOS-AM1","volume":"36","author":"Barnes","year":"1998","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote. Sens."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1072","DOI":"10.1109\/36.700992","article-title":"Multi-angle Imaging SpectroRadiometer (MISR)\u2013Instrument description and experiment overview","volume":"36","author":"Diner","year":"1998","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0426(1996)013<0300:TCATER>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"The Clouds and the Earth\u2019s Radiant Energy System (CERES) sensors and preflight calibration plans","volume":"13","author":"Lee","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1062","DOI":"10.1109\/36.700991","article-title":"Overview of Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER)","volume":"36","author":"Yamaguchi","year":"1998","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vane, D., and Stephens, G.L. (2008, January 1\u20138). The CloudSat mission and the A-Train: A revolutionary approach to observing Earth\u2019s atmosphere. Proceedings of the 2008 IEEE Aerospace Conference, Big Sky, MT, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/AERO.2008.4526260"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1771","DOI":"10.1175\/BAMS-83-12-1771","article-title":"The cloudsat mission and the a-train\u2014A new dimension of space-based observations of clouds and precipitation","volume":"83","author":"Stephens","year":"2002","journal-title":"Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1007\/s00704-008-0039-z","article-title":"Cloudiness climatology in the Iberian Peninsula from three global gridded datasets (ISCCP, CRU TS 2.1, ERA-40)","volume":"96","author":"Calbo","year":"2009","journal-title":"Theor. Appl. Clim."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11020212","article-title":"Evaluation of CLARA-A2 and ISCCP-H cloud cover climate data records over Europe with ECA&D ground-based measurements","volume":"11","author":"Tzallas","year":"2019","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1129","DOI":"10.1175\/JAMC-D-11-02.1","article-title":"A Naive Bayesian Cloud-Detection Scheme Derived from CALIPSO and Applied within PATMOS-x","volume":"51","author":"Heidinger","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Appl. Meteorol. Clim."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1029\/2011GL049429","article-title":"Tropical stratospheric cloud climatology from the PATMOS-x dataset: An assessment of convective contributions to stratospheric water","volume":"38","author":"Nielsen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S1","DOI":"10.1175\/BAMS-89-7-StateoftheClimate","article-title":"State of the climate in 2007","volume":"89","author":"Levinson","year":"2008","journal-title":"Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1905","DOI":"10.5194\/essd-11-1905-2019","article-title":"A 16-year dataset (2000\u20132015) of high-resolution (3 h, 10 km) global surface solar radiation","volume":"11","author":"Tang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Earth Syst. Sci. Data"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1029\/2007GL032591","article-title":"Classifying clouds around the globe with the CloudSat radar: 1-year of results","volume":"35","author":"Sassen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1029\/2011RG000365","article-title":"Orographic effects on precipitating clouds","volume":"50","author":"Houze","year":"2012","journal-title":"Rev. Geophys."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2573","DOI":"10.1002\/joc.3859","article-title":"Estimating uncertainty in daily weather interpolations: A Bayesian framework for developing climate surfaces","volume":"34","author":"Wilson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Climatol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.5194\/essd-12-41-2020","article-title":"Cloud_cci advanced very high resolution radiometer post meridiem (AVHRR-PM) dataset version 3: 35-year climatology of global cloud and radiation properties","volume":"12","author":"Stengel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Earth Syst. Sci. Data"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.5194\/essd-9-881-2017","article-title":"Cloud property datasets retrieved from AVHRR, MODIS, AATSR and MERIS in the framework of the Cloud_cci project","volume":"9","author":"Stengel","year":"2017","journal-title":"Earth Syst. Sci. Data"},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"Douglas, M., Beida, R., and Dominguez, A. (2010, January 13). Developing high spatial resolution daytime cloud climatologies for Africa. Proceedings of the Preprints, 29th Conference on Hurricanes and Tropical Meteorology, Tucson, AZ, USA."},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"Descloitres, J., Sohlberg, R., Owens, J., Giglio, L., Justice, C., Carroll, M., Seaton, J., Crisologo, M., Finco, M., and Lannom, K. (2002, January 24\u201328). The MODIS rapid response project. Proceedings of the IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, Toronto, ON, Canada."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wilson, A.M., and Jetz, W. (2016). Remotely sensed high-resolution global cloud dynamics for predicting ecosystem and biodiversity distributions. PLoS Biol., 14.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.1002415"},{"key":"ref_40","unstructured":"Mulligan, M. (2021, July 01). MODIS MOD35 Pan-Tropical Cloud Climatology. Available online: http:\/\/www.ambiotek.com\/clouds\/."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2013.10.025","article-title":"Systematic land cover bias in Collection 5 MODIS cloud mask and derived products\u2014A global overview","volume":"141","author":"Wilson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1057","DOI":"10.1175\/2008JTECHA1052.1","article-title":"Cloud detection with MODIS. Part I: Improvements in the MODIS cloud mask for collection 5","volume":"25","author":"Frey","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2730","DOI":"10.1080\/01431161.2012.750037","article-title":"Comparison and enhancement of MODIS cloud mask products for Southeast Asia","volume":"34","author":"Leinenkugel","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-4257(02)00094-9","article-title":"Land surface reflectance, emissivity and temperature from MODIS middle and thermal infrared data","volume":"83","author":"Petitcolin","year":"2002","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-4257(97)00173-9","article-title":"A method to retrieve the reflectivity signature at 3.75 \u03bcm from AVHRR data","volume":"64","author":"Roger","year":"1998","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0477(1996)077<0437:TNYRP>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"The NCEP\/NCAR 40-year reanalysis project","volume":"77","author":"Kalnay","year":"1996","journal-title":"Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Irish, R.R. (2000, January 24\u201326). Landsat 7 automatic cloud cover assessment. Proceedings of the SPIE: The International Society for Optical Engineering, Orlando, FL, USA.","DOI":"10.1117\/12.410358"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2011.10.028","article-title":"Object-based cloud and cloud shadow detection in Landsat imagery","volume":"118","author":"Zhu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12287","DOI":"10.1002\/2014JD022017","article-title":"Cloud mask over snow-\/ice-covered areas for the GCOM-C1\/SGLI cryosphere mission: Validations over Greenland","volume":"119","author":"Chen","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/0034-4257(95)00137-P","article-title":"Development of methods for mapping global snow cover using moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer data","volume":"54","author":"Hall","year":"1995","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7131","DOI":"10.1080\/01431161.2013.818259","article-title":"Discriminating sea ice from low-level water clouds in split-window, mid-wavelength IR imagery","volume":"34","author":"Hutchison","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1894","DOI":"10.1175\/2009JCLI3386.1","article-title":"Errors in cloud detection over the arctic using a satellite imager and implications for observing feedback mechanisms","volume":"23","author":"Liu","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Clim."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4420","DOI":"10.1109\/TIP.2012.2206037","article-title":"Variational algorithms to remove stationary noise: Applications to microscopy imaging","volume":"21","author":"Fehrenbach","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Image Process."},{"key":"ref_54","unstructured":"Eastman, R., and Warren, S.G. (2021, July 15). Land Cloud Update, 1997\u20132009, Appended to Cloud Climatology for Land Stations Worldwide, 1971\u20131996, Available online: http:\/\/cdiac.ornl.gov\/epubs\/ndp\/ndp026d\/ndp026d.html."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1175\/JAM-2189.1","article-title":"NWCSAF AVHRR cloud detection and analysis using dynamic thresholds and radiative transfer modeling. Part II: Tuning and validation","volume":"44","author":"Dybbroe","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Appl. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Heidinger, A., Foster, M., Botambekov, D., Hiley, M., Walther, A., and Li, Y. (2016). Using the NASA EOS A-train to probe the performance of the NOAA PATMOS-x Cloud Fraction CDR. Remote Sens., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs8060511"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3826","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2012.2227333","article-title":"Spatial and temporal distribution of clouds observed by MODIS onboard the Terra and Aqua satellites","volume":"51","author":"King","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4699","DOI":"10.1175\/JCLI-D-11-00267.1","article-title":"Reconciling simulated and observed views of clouds: MODIS, ISCCP, and the limits of instrument simulators","volume":"25","author":"Pincus","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Clim."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/13\/19\/3997\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T07:09:51Z","timestamp":1760166591000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/13\/19\/3997"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,6]]},"references-count":58,"journal-issue":{"issue":"19","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10]]}},"alternative-id":["rs13193997"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs13193997","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,6]]}}}