{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,21]],"date-time":"2026-02-21T01:15:48Z","timestamp":1771636548207,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,6]],"date-time":"2021-10-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1633478400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"NASA Applied Sciences Disasters Program","award":["ROSES 2018 NNH18ZDA001N-DISASTERS (A.37), project 0028: \u201cDay-Night Monitoring of Volcanic SO2 and Ash for Aviation Avoidance at Northern Polar Latitudes: Enhancing Direct Readout capabilities from EOS, SNPP and NOAA20\u201d and grant 80NSSC19K1236 to Universit"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ROSES 2018 NNH18ZDA001N-DISASTERS (A.37), project 0028: \u201cDay-Night Monitoring of Volcanic SO2 and Ash for Aviation Avoidance at Northern Polar Latitudes: Enhancing Direct Readout capabilities from EOS, SNPP and NOAA20\u201d and grant 80NSSC19K1236 to Universit"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>We describe NASA\u2019s Applied Sciences Disasters Program, which is a collaborative project between the Direct Readout Laboratory (DRL), ozone processing team, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Geographic Information Network of Alaska (GINA), and Finnish Meteorological Institute (FMI), to expedite the processing and delivery of direct readout (DR) volcanic ash and sulfur dioxide (SO2) satellite data. We developed low-latency quantitative retrievals of SO2 column density from the solar backscattered ultraviolet (UV) measurements using the Ozone Mapping and Profiler Suite (OMPS) spectrometers as well as the thermal infrared (TIR) SO2 and ash indices using Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) instruments, all flying aboard US polar-orbiting meteorological satellites. The VIIRS TIR indices were developed to address the critical need for nighttime coverage over northern polar regions. Our UV and TIR SO2 and ash software packages were designed for the DRL\u2019s International Planetary Observation Processing Package (IPOPP); IPOPP runs operationally at GINA and FMI stations in Fairbanks, Alaska, and Sodankyl\u00e4, Finland. The data are produced within 30 min of satellite overpasses and are distributed to the Alaska Volcano Observatory and Anchorage Volcanic Ash Advisory Center. FMI receives DR data from GINA and posts composite Arctic maps for ozone, volcanic SO2, and UV aerosol index (UVAI, proxy for ash or smoke) on its public website and provides DR data to EUMETCast users. The IPOPP-based software packages are available through DRL to a broad DR user community worldwide.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13194003","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,8]],"date-time":"2021-10-08T21:26:20Z","timestamp":1633728380000},"page":"4003","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Day\u2013Night Monitoring of Volcanic SO2 and Ash Clouds for Aviation Avoidance at Northern Polar Latitudes"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6170-6750","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nickolay","family":"Krotkov","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Atmospheric Chemistry and Dynamics Laboratory, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA"}]},{"given":"Vincent","family":"Realmuto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA"}]},{"given":"Can","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Earth System Science Interdisciplinary Center, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4047-0181","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Colin","family":"Seftor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ozone Science Investigator Processing Facility, Science Systems and Applications, Inc., Lanham, MD 20706, USA"}]},{"given":"Jason","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ozone Science Investigator Processing Facility, Science Systems and Applications, Inc., Lanham, MD 20706, USA"}]},{"given":"Kelvin","family":"Brentzel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Direct Readout Laboratory, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Stuefer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Geophysical Institute, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK 99775, USA"}]},{"given":"Jay","family":"Cable","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Geographic Information Network of Alaska, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK 99775, USA"}]},{"given":"Carl","family":"Dierking","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Geographic Information Network of Alaska, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK 99775, USA"}]},{"given":"Jennifer","family":"Delamere","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Geographic Information Network of Alaska, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK 99775, USA"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Schneider","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Alaska Volcano Observatory, U.S. Geological Survey, Anchorage, AK 99775, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3095-0069","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Johanna","family":"Tamminen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Finnish Meteorological Institute, 00100 Helsinki, Finland"}]},{"given":"Seppo","family":"Hassinen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Finnish Meteorological Institute, 00100 Helsinki, Finland"}]},{"given":"Timo","family":"Ryypp\u00f6","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sodankyl\u00e4 Satellite Data Centre, FMI, 00100 Helsinki, Finland"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Murray","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA 23666, USA"}]},{"given":"Simon","family":"Carn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Geological and Mining Engineering and Sciences, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI 49931, USA"}]},{"given":"Jeffrey","family":"Osiensky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anchorage VAAC\/AAWU, Anchorage, AK 99501, USA"}]},{"given":"Nate","family":"Eckstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anchorage VAAC\/AAWU, Anchorage, AK 99501, USA"}]},{"given":"Garrett","family":"Layne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NASA Earth Applied Sciences Disasters Program, Headquarters, Washington, DC 20001, USA"}]},{"given":"Jeremy","family":"Kirkendall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Environmental Systems Research Institute, Louisville, CO 40018, USA"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1029\/1998RG000054","article-title":"Volcanic eruptions and climate","volume":"38","author":"Robock","year":"2000","journal-title":"Rev. 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