{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T02:25:57Z","timestamp":1760235957864,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,9]],"date-time":"2021-10-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1633737600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The purpose of the present paper is to investigate the effects of variable eruption source parameters on volcanic plume transport in the Mediterranean basin after the paroxysm of Mount Etna on 23 November 2013. This paroxysm was characterized by a north-east transport of ash and gas, caused by a low-pressure system in northern Italy. It is evaluated here in a joint approach considering the WRF-Chem model configured with eruption source parameters (ESPs) obtained elaborating the raw data from the VOLDORAD-2B (V2B) Doppler radar system. This allows the inclusion of the transient and fluctuating nature of the volcanic emissions to accurately model the atmospheric dispersion of ash and gas. Two model configurations were considered: the first with the climax values for the ESP and the second with the time-varying ESP according to the time profiles of the mass eruption rate recorded by the V2B radar. It is demonstrated that the second configuration produces a considerably better comparison with satellite retrievals from different sensors platforms (Ozone Mapping and Profiler Suite, Meteosat Second-Generation Spinning Enhanced Visible and Infrared Imager, and Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite). In the context of volcanic ash transport dispersion modeling, our results indicate the need for (i) the use of time-varying ESP, and (ii) a joint approach between an online coupled chemical transport model like WRF-Chem and direct near-source measurements, such as those carried out by the V2B Doppler radar system.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13204037","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,10]],"date-time":"2021-10-10T21:37:49Z","timestamp":1633901869000},"page":"4037","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Effects of Variable Eruption Source Parameters on Volcanic Plume Transport: Example of the 23 November 2013 Paroxysm of Etna"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7633-3878","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Umberto","family":"Rizza","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate (ISAC), National Research Council (CNR), Unit of Lecce, 73100 Lecce, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8293-1340","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Franck","family":"Donnadieu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, IRD, OPGC, Laboratoire Magmas et Volcans, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France"}]},{"given":"Salvatore","family":"Magazu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mathematical and Informatics Sciences, Physical Sciences and Earth Sciences (MIFT), University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1524-7933","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giorgio","family":"Passerini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Industrial Engineering and Mathematical Sciences, Universit\u00e0 Politecnica delle Marche, 60131 Ancona, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1646-3010","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Castorina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mathematical and Informatics Sciences, Physical Sciences and Earth Sciences (MIFT), University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy"},{"name":"Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sede Operativa di Milazzo (ME) 98057 Milazzo, Sezione INGV di Palermo, 90146 Palermo, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8690-5254","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Agostino","family":"Semprebello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mathematical and Informatics Sciences, Physical Sciences and Earth Sciences (MIFT), University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2598-833X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mauro","family":"Morichetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate (ISAC), National Research Council (CNR), Unit of Lecce, 73100 Lecce, Italy"}]},{"given":"Simone","family":"Virgili","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Industrial Engineering and Mathematical Sciences, Universit\u00e0 Politecnica delle Marche, 60131 Ancona, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5624-1282","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Enrico","family":"Mancinelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Industrial Engineering and Mathematical Sciences, Universit\u00e0 Politecnica delle Marche, 60131 Ancona, Italy"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1029\/1998RG000054","article-title":"Volcanic eruptions and climate","volume":"38","author":"Robock","year":"2000","journal-title":"Rev. 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