{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,27]],"date-time":"2026-05-27T20:43:16Z","timestamp":1779914596829,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,11]],"date-time":"2021-10-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1633910400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Research Funds of Renmin University of China","award":["17XNLG09"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["17XNLG09"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012226","name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["No"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012226","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Formaldehyde (HCHO) is one of the most important carcinogenic air contaminants in outdoor air. However, the lack of monitoring of the global surface concentration of HCHO is currently hindering research on outdoor HCHO pollution. Traditional methods are either restricted to small areas or, for research on a global scale, too data-demanding. To alleviate this issue, we adopted neural networks to estimate the 2019 global surface HCHO concentration with confidence intervals, utilizing HCHO vertical column density data from TROPOMI, and in-situ data from HAPs (harmful air pollutants) monitoring networks and the ATom mission. Our results show that the global surface HCHO average concentration is 2.30 \u03bcg\/m3. Furthermore, in terms of regions, the concentrations in the Amazon Basin, Northern China, South-east Asia, the Bay of Bengal, and Central and Western Africa are among the highest. The results from our study provide the first dataset on global surface HCHO concentration. In addition, the derived confidence intervals of surface HCHO concentration add an extra layer of confidence to our results. As a pioneering work in adopting confidence interval estimation to AI-driven atmospheric pollutant research and the first global HCHO surface distribution dataset, our paper paves the way for rigorous study of global ambient HCHO health risk and economic loss, thus providing a basis for pollution control policies worldwide.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13204055","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,11]],"date-time":"2021-10-11T21:45:32Z","timestamp":1633988732000},"page":"4055","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Global Surface HCHO Distribution Derived from Satellite Observations with Neural Networks Technique"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Jian","family":"Guan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Spatial Information, School of Environment and Natural Resources, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bohan","family":"Jin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Spatial Information, School of Environment and Natural Resources, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yizhe","family":"Ding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Statistics and Data Science, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2728-7737","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wen","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Spatial Information, School of Environment and Natural Resources, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guoxiang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Information, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pubu","family":"Ciren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"I.M. System Group Inc. & NOAA\/NESDIS\/STAR, 5825 University Research Ct., Suite 3250 M Square, College Park, MD 20740, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"319","article-title":"Oxidative Stress and Carcinogenic Effect of Formaldehyde Exposure: Systematic Review & Analysis","volume":"9","author":"Tesfaye","year":"2020","journal-title":"Endocrinol. Metab. Syndr."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12356","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.6b04752","article-title":"Hybrid Modeling Approach to Estimate Exposures of Hazardous Air Pollutants (HAPs) for the National Air Toxics Assessment (NATA)","volume":"50","author":"Scheffe","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. 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