{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]],"date-time":"2026-03-06T02:46:03Z","timestamp":1772765163282,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,11]],"date-time":"2021-10-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1633910400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["12103020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["12103020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["11875149"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["11875149"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"The Science and Technology Development Fund (FDCT) of Macau","award":["0042\/2018\/A2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["0042\/2018\/A2"]}]},{"name":"The Science and Technology Development Fund (FDCT) of Macau","award":["0089\/2018\/A3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["0089\/2018\/A3"]}]},{"name":"The Science and Technology Development Fund (FDCT) of Macau","award":["0079\/2019\/A2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["0079\/2019\/A2"]}]},{"name":"The re-research Project on Civil Aerospace Technologies of CNSA","award":["D020101"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["D020101"]}]},{"name":"the Science and technology project of Jiangxi education department","award":["GJJ200821"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GJJ200821"]}]},{"name":"the Scientific Research Starting Foundation for scholars from Jiangxi University of Science and Technology","award":["jxxjbs18017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["jxxjbs18017"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>On January 3rd 2019, the Chang\u2019e-4 mission successfully landed in the Von K\u00e1rm\u00e1n Crater inside the South Pole-Aitken (SPA) basin and achieved the first soft landing on the farside of the Moon. Lunar penetrating radar (LPR) equipped on the rover measured the shallow subsurface structure along the motion path for more than 700 m. LPR data could be used to obtain the dielectric properties of the materials beneath the exploration area, providing important clues as to the composition and source of the materials. Although the properties of the upper fine-grained regolith have been studied using various methods, the underlying coarse-grained materials still lack investigation. Therefore, this paper intends to estimate the loss tangent of the coarse-grained materials at depth ranges of ~12 and ~28 m. Stochastic media models with different rock distributions for the LPR finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) simulation are built to evaluate the feasibility of the estimation method. Our results show that the average loss tangent value of coarse-grained materials is 0.0104\u00b10.0027, and the abundance of FeOT+TiO2\u00a0is\u00a020.08\u00a0wt.%, which is much higher than the overlying fine-grained regolith, indicating different sources.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13204056","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,11]],"date-time":"2021-10-11T21:45:32Z","timestamp":1633988732000},"page":"4056","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Dielectric Properties of Lunar Materials at the Chang\u2019e-4 Landing Site"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2157-2767","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jialong","family":"Lai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Science, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, Ganzhou 341000, China"}]},{"given":"Feifei","family":"Cui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Science, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, Ganzhou 341000, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8894-525X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yi","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Lunar and Planetary Sciences, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau 999078, China"}]},{"given":"Chaofei","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Science, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, Ganzhou 341000, China"}]},{"given":"Ling","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Lunar and Planetary Sciences, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau 999078, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1607","DOI":"10.1088\/1674-4527\/14\/12\/009","article-title":"Lunar Penetrating Radar onboard the Chang\u2019e-3 mission","volume":"14","author":"Fang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Res. Astron. Astrophys."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pss.2018.02.011","article-title":"The scientific objectives and payloads of Chang\u2019E\u22124 mission","volume":"162","author":"Jia","year":"2018","journal-title":"Planet. Space Sci."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"405","article-title":"China Lunar Exploration Program","volume":"6","author":"Wu","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Deep Space Explor."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1007\/s11214-010-9634-2","article-title":"Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter Camera (LROC) Instrument Overview","volume":"150","author":"Robinson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Space Sci. Rev."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1016\/j.icarus.2015.07.039","article-title":"A new lunar digital elevation model from the Lunar Orbiter Laser Altimeter and SELENE Terrain Camera","volume":"273","author":"Barker","year":"2016","journal-title":"Icarus"},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"378","article-title":"Chang\u2019E-4 initial spectroscopic identification of lunar far-side mantle-derived materials","volume":"569","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1684","DOI":"10.1029\/2018JE005577","article-title":"Geological characteristics of Von K\u00e1rm\u00e1n crater, northwestern south pole-Aitken Basin: Chang\u2019E-4 landing site region","volume":"123","author":"Huang","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Planet."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.1016\/j.icarus.2017.07.023","article-title":"Lunar farside volcanism in and around the South Pole\u2013Aitken basin","volume":"299","author":"Pasckert","year":"2018","journal-title":"Icarus"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104741","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pss.2019.104741","article-title":"Composition, mineralogy and chronology of mare basalts and non-mare materials in Von K\u00e1rm\u00e1n crater: Landing site of the Chang\u2019E\u22124 mission","volume":"179","author":"Ling","year":"2019","journal-title":"Planet. Space Sci."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2020JE006565","DOI":"10.1029\/2020JE006565","article-title":"Geologically Old but Freshly Exposed Rock Fragments En-countered by Yutu-2 Rover","volume":"126","author":"Gou","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Planet."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"913","DOI":"10.1093\/nsr\/nwz183","article-title":"Olivine-norite rock detected by the lunar rover Yutu-2 likely crystallized from the SPA-impact melt pool","volume":"7","author":"Lin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Natl. Sci. Rev."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-17262-w","article-title":"First look by the Yutu-2 rover at the deep subsurface structure at the lunar farside","volume":"11","author":"Lai","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12783","DOI":"10.1029\/2019GL084458","article-title":"Comparison of Dielectric Properties and Structure of Lunar Regolith at Chang\u2019e-3 and Chang\u2019e-4 Landing Sites Revealed by Ground-Penetrating Radar","volume":"46","author":"Lai","year":"2019","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaay6898","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aay6898","article-title":"The Moon\u2019s farside shallow subsurface structure unveiled by Chang\u2019E-4 Lunar Penetrating Radar","volume":"6","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, R., Su, Y., Ding, C., Dai, S., Liu, C., Zhang, Z., Hong, T., Zhang, Q., and Li, C. (2021). A Novel Approach for Permittivity Estimation of Lunar Regolith Using the Lunar Penetrating Radar Onboard Chang\u2019E-4 Rover. Remote. Sens., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13183679"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2020GL088680","DOI":"10.1029\/2020GL088680","article-title":"Stratigraphy of the Von K\u00e1rm\u00e1n Crater Based on Chang\u2019E-4 Lunar Pene-trating Radar Data","volume":"47","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1038\/s41550-020-1197-x","article-title":"Lunar regolith and substructure at Chang\u2019E-4 landing site in South Pole\u2013Aitken basin","volume":"5","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Astron."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2020GL089264","DOI":"10.1029\/2020GL089264","article-title":"Dielectric Properties of Lunar Subsurface Materials","volume":"47","author":"Dong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2020JE006564","DOI":"10.1029\/2020JE006564","article-title":"Properties of Lunar Regolith on the Moon\u2019s Farside unveiled by Chang\u2019E-4 Lunar Penetrating Radar","volume":"126","author":"Dong","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Planet."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dong, Z., Feng, X., Zhou, H., Liu, C., Zeng, Z., Li, J., and Liang, W. (2020). Properties Analysis of Lunar Regolith at Chang\u2019E-4 Landing Site Based on 3D Velocity Spectrum of Lunar Penetrating Radar. Remote Sens., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12040629"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, C., and Zhang, J. (2021). Velocity Analysis Using Separated Diffractions for Lunar Penetrating Radar Obtained by Yutu-2 Rover. Remote Sens., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13071387"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1623","DOI":"10.1088\/1674-4527\/14\/12\/010","article-title":"Data processing and initial results of Chang\u2019e-3 lunar penetrating radar","volume":"14","author":"Su","year":"2014","journal-title":"Res. Astron. Astrophys."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Grimm, R.E., Heggy, E., Clifford, S., Dinwiddie, C., McGinnis, R., and Farrell, D. (2006). Absorption and scattering in ground-penetrating radar: Analysis of the Bishop Tuff. J. Geophys. Res. Space Phys., 111.","DOI":"10.1029\/2005JE002619"},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"O\u2019Donnell, R.M. (2007). Introduction to Radar Systems, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. MIT OpenCourseWare, Primavera."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ward, S.H., and Hohmann, G.W. (1988). Electromagnetic Theory for Geophysical Applications. Electromagnetic Methods in Applied Geophysics, Society of Exploration Geophysicists.","DOI":"10.1190\/1.9781560802631.ch4"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, X., Lv, W., Zhang, L., Zhang, J., Lin, Y., and Yao, Z. (2021). Self-Organization Characteristics of Lunar Regolith Inferred by Yutu-2 Lunar Penetrating Radar. Remote Sens., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13153017"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jappgeo.2013.08.005","article-title":"Simulation and analysis of GPR signal based on stochastic media model with an ellip-soidal autocorrelation function","volume":"99","author":"Jiang","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Appl. Geophys."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpc.2016.08.020","article-title":"gprMax: Open source software to simulate electromagnetic wave propagation for Ground Penetrating Radar","volume":"209","author":"Warren","year":"2016","journal-title":"Comput. Phys. Commun."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.3847\/1538-3881\/abf8b0","article-title":"Evaluating the Thickness and Stratigraphy of Ejecta Materials at the Chang\u2019e-4 Landing Site","volume":"162","author":"Xu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Astron. J."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116912","DOI":"10.1016\/j.epsl.2021.116912","article-title":"Rock abundance and evolution of the shallow stratum on Chang\u2019e-4 landing site unveiled by lunar penetrating radar data","volume":"564","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Earth Planet. Sci. Lett."},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"1","article-title":"Yutu-2 Radar Sounding Evidence of a Buried Crater at Chang\u2019E-4 Landing Site","volume":"PP","author":"Zhou","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"Carrier, E.D., Olhoeft, G.R., and Mendell, W. (1991). Physical properties of the lunar surface. The Lunar Sourcebook, Cambridge University Press."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114327","DOI":"10.1016\/j.icarus.2021.114327","article-title":"Geochemistry of the Von K\u00e1rm\u00e1n crater floor and thickness of the non-mare ejecta over the Chang\u2019e-4 landing area","volume":"359","author":"Guo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Icarus"},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"1","article-title":"Mineralogical and chemical properties inversed from 21-lunar-day VNIS observations taken during the Chang\u2019E-4 mission","volume":"11","author":"Zeng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1186\/BF03352789","article-title":"Performance and scientific objectives of the SE-LENE (KAGUYA) Multiband Imager","volume":"60","author":"Ohtake","year":"2008","journal-title":"Earth Planet. Space"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.icarus.2019.05.029","article-title":"Geological characterization of the Chang\u2019e-4 landing area on the lunar farside","volume":"333","author":"Qiao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Icarus"}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/13\/20\/4056\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T07:11:32Z","timestamp":1760166692000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/13\/20\/4056"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,11]]},"references-count":36,"journal-issue":{"issue":"20","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10]]}},"alternative-id":["rs13204056"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs13204056","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,11]]}}}