{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,29]],"date-time":"2025-11-29T07:58:25Z","timestamp":1764403105914,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,11]],"date-time":"2021-10-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1633910400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In July and August 2019, Stromboli volcano underwent two dangerous paroxysms previously considered \u201cunexpected\u201d because of the absence of significant changes in usually monitored parameters. We applied a multidisciplinary approach to search for signals able to indicate the possibility of larger explosive activity and to devise a model to explain the observed variations. We analysed geodetic data, satellite thermal data, images from remote cameras and seismic data in a timespan crossing the eruptive period of 2019 to identify precursors of the two paroxysms on a medium-term time span (months) and to perform an in-depth analysis of the signals recorded on a short time scale (hours, minutes) before the paroxysm. We developed a model that explains the observations. We call the model \u201cpush and go\u201d where the uppermost feeding system of Stromboli is made up of a lower section occupied by a low viscosity, low density magma that is largely composed of gases and a shallower section occupied by the accumulated melt. We hypothesize that the paroxysms are triggered when an overpressure in the lower section is built up; the explosion will occur at the very moment such overpressure overcomes the confining pressure of the highly viscous magma above it.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13204064","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,11]],"date-time":"2021-10-11T21:45:32Z","timestamp":1633988732000},"page":"4064","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["The 2019 Eruptive Activity at Stromboli Volcano: A Multidisciplinary Approach to Reveal Hidden Features of the \u201cUnexpected\u201d 3 July Paroxysm"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Mario","family":"Mattia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Osservatorio Etneo, 95125 Catania, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8093-3051","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bellina","family":"Di Lieto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Osservatorio Vesuviano, 80124 Napoli, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9914-1107","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gaetana","family":"Ganci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Osservatorio Etneo, 95125 Catania, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7803-5404","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Valentina","family":"Bruno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Osservatorio Etneo, 95125 Catania, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2380-0567","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pierdomenico","family":"Romano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Osservatorio Vesuviano, 80124 Napoli, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1474-3000","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesco","family":"Ciancitto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Osservatorio Etneo, 95125 Catania, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9584-3347","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Prospero","family":"De Martino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Osservatorio Vesuviano, 80124 Napoli, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8055-3059","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Salvatore","family":"Gambino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Osservatorio Etneo, 95125 Catania, Italy"}]},{"given":"Marco","family":"Aloisi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Osservatorio Etneo, 95125 Catania, Italy"}]},{"given":"Mariangela","family":"Sciotto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Osservatorio Etneo, 95125 Catania, Italy"}]},{"given":"Roberto","family":"Scarpa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Fisica, Universit\u00e0 di Salerno, 84084 Fisciano, Italy"}]},{"given":"Carmelo","family":"Ferlito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Scienze Biologiche Geologiche e Ambientali, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Catania, 2-95131 Catania, Italy"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1127\/0935-1221\/2011\/0023-2109","article-title":"The deep feeding system of Stromboli, Italy: Insights from a primitive golden pumice","volume":"23","author":"Pichavant","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur. 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