{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T02:26:10Z","timestamp":1760235970791,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":13,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,13]],"date-time":"2021-10-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1634083200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000844","name":"European Space Agency","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["4000130567\/20\/I-BG"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["4000130567\/20\/I-BG"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000844","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Brightness temperature (Tb) observations from the European Space Agency (ESA) Soil Moisture Ocean Salinity (SMOS) instrument are passively monitored in the European Centre for Medium-range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) Integrated Forecasting System (IFS). Several quality control procedures are performed to screen out poor quality data and\/or data that cannot accurately be simulated from the numerical weather prediction (NWP) model output. In this paper, these quality control procedures are reviewed, and enhancements are proposed, tested, and evaluated. The enhancements presented include improved sea ice screening, coastal and ambiguous land-ocean screening, improved radio frequency interference (RFI) screening, and increased usage of observation at the edge of the satellite swath. Each of the screening changes results in improved agreement between the observations and model equivalent values. This is an important step in advance of future experiments to test the direct assimilation of SMOS Tbs into the ECMWF land data assimilation system.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13204081","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,13]],"date-time":"2021-10-13T21:48:39Z","timestamp":1634161719000},"page":"4081","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["SMOS Brightness Temperature Monitoring Quality Control Review and Enhancements"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1404-6678","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peter","family":"Weston","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"ECMWF (Research Department), Shinfield Park, Reading RG2 9AX, UK"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7374-3820","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patricia","family":"de Rosnay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ECMWF (Research Department), Shinfield Park, Reading RG2 9AX, UK"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"666","DOI":"10.1109\/JPROC.2010.2043032","article-title":"The SMOS Mission: New Tool for Monitoring Key Elements of the Global Water Cycle","volume":"98","author":"Kerr","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc. IEEE"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"De Rosnay, P., Drusch, M., Boone, A., Balsamo, G., Decharme, B., Harris, P., Kerr, Y., Pellarin, T., Polcher, J., and Wigneron, J.-P. (2009). AMMA Land Surface Model Intercomparison Experiment coupled to the Community Microwave Emission Model: ALMIP-MEM. J. Geophys. Res. Space Phys., 114.","DOI":"10.1029\/2008JD010724"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1109\/LGRS.2011.2164777","article-title":"Technical implementation of SMOS data in the ECMWF Integrated Forecasting System","volume":"9","author":"Sabater","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE Geosci. Remote. Sens. Lett."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111424","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2019.111424","article-title":"SMOS brightness temperature forward modelling and long term monitoring at ECMWF","volume":"237","author":"Albergel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Remote. Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"De Rosnay, P., Dragosavac, M., Drusch, M., Guti\u00e9rrez, A., Rodr\u00edguez L\u00f3pez, M., Wright, N., Mu\u00f1oz Sabater, J., and Crapolicchio, R. (2021, October 11). SMOS NRT BUFR Specification. Available online: https:\/\/earth.esa.int\/documents\/10174\/1854583\/SMOS_NRT_BUFR_Specification."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Weston, P., Bormann, N., Geer, A.J., and Lawrence, H. (2021, October 10). Harmonisation of the Usage of Microwave Sounder Data over Land, Coasts, Sea Ice and Snow: First Year Report. No. 45. ECMWF Fellowship Programme Research Report. Available online: https:\/\/www.ecmwf.int\/node\/17766."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Oliva, R., Martellucci, A., Daganzo-Eusebio, E., Jorge, F., Soldo, Y., English, S., De Rosnay, P., Weston, P., Barbosa, J., and Nestoras, I. (2021, January 12\u201316). Results from the ground RFI detection system for passive microwave Earth observation data. Proceedings of the Virtual Meeting (IGARSS 2021), Brussels, Belgium.","DOI":"10.1109\/IGARSS47720.2021.9553636"},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Weston, P., de Rosnay, P., and English, S. (2021, October 10). GRDS Test-Bed Report. Available online: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21957\/8kv6wj087."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1238","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2010.2064779","article-title":"An improved fast microwave water emissivity model","volume":"49","author":"Liu","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2717","DOI":"10.5194\/gmd-11-2717-2018","article-title":"An update on the RTTOV fast radiative transfer model (currently at version 12)","volume":"11","author":"Saunders","year":"2018","journal-title":"Geosci. Model Dev."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hirahara, Y., de Rosnay, P., and Arduini, G. (2020). Evaluation of a Microwave Emissivity Module for Snow Covered Area with CMEM in the ECMWF Integrated Forecasting System. Remote Sens., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12182946"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"704","DOI":"10.1109\/JPROC.2010.2043918","article-title":"The Soil Moisture Active Passive (SMAP) Mission","volume":"98","author":"Entekhabi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc. IEEE"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2524","DOI":"10.1002\/qj.3577","article-title":"Assimilation of SMOS brightness temperatures in the ECMWF Integrated Forecasting System","volume":"145","author":"Lawrence","year":"2019","journal-title":"Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/13\/20\/4081\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T07:12:21Z","timestamp":1760166741000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/13\/20\/4081"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,13]]},"references-count":13,"journal-issue":{"issue":"20","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10]]}},"alternative-id":["rs13204081"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs13204081","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2072-4292"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,13]]}}}