{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,21]],"date-time":"2026-03-21T01:17:19Z","timestamp":1774055839695,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,15]],"date-time":"2021-10-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1634256000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Key-Area Research and Development Program of Guangdong Province","award":["2020B0303020001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020B0303020001"]}]},{"name":"Shenzhen Science and Technology Program","award":["KQTD20180410161218820"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KQTD20180410161218820"]}]},{"name":"National Key Laboratory of Electromagnetic Environment","award":["202001004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202001004"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The disturbances of the ionosphere caused by thunderstorms or lightning events in the troposphere have an impact on global navigation satellite system (GNSS) signals. Gravity waves (GWs) triggered by thunderstorms are one of the main factors that drive short-period Travelling Ionospheric Disturbances (TIDs). At mid-latitudes, ionospheric GWs can be detected by GNSS signals. However, at low latitudes, the multi-variability of the ionosphere leads to difficulties in identifying GWs induced by thunderstorms through GNSS data. Though disturbances of the ionosphere during low-latitude thunderstorms have been investigated, the explicit GW observation by GNSS and its propagation pattern are still unclear. In this paper, GWs with periods from 6 to 20 min are extracted from band-pass filtered GNSS carrier phase observations without cycle-slips, and 0.2\u20130.8 Total Electron Content Unit (TECU) magnitude perturbations are observed when the trajectories of ionospheric pierce points fall into the perturbed region. The propagation speed of 102.6\u2013141.3 m\/s and the direction of the propagation indicate that the GWs are propagating upward from a certain thunderstorm at lower atmosphere. The composite results of disturbance magnitude, period, and propagation velocity indicate that GWs initiated by thunderstorms and propagated from the troposphere to the ionosphere are observed by GNSS for the first time in the low-latitude region.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13204131","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,17]],"date-time":"2021-10-17T23:25:15Z","timestamp":1634513115000},"page":"4131","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Observation of Ionospheric Gravity Waves Introduced by Thunderstorms in Low Latitudes China by GNSS"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5300-8060","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tong","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Space Science and Applied Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5128-809X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhibin","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Space Science and Applied Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China"}]},{"given":"Zonghua","family":"Ding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Key Laboratory of Electromagnetic Environment, Qingdao 266107, China"}]},{"given":"Wenfeng","family":"Nie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Space Science, Shandong University, Weihai 264209, China"}]},{"given":"Guochang","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Space Science and Applied Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"666","DOI":"10.3390\/rs10050666","article-title":"Studying Ionosphere Responses to a Geomagnetic Storm in June 2015 with Multi-Constellation Observations","volume":"10","author":"Yang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yasyukevich, Y., Vasilyev, R., Ratovsky, K., Setov, A., Globa, M., Syrovatskii, S., Yasyukevich, A., Kiselev, A., and Vesnin, A. 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