{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T02:27:55Z","timestamp":1760236075261,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,18]],"date-time":"2021-10-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1634515200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000270","name":"Natural Environment Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NE\/R000654\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NE\/R000654\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000270","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper documents the retrieval of significant ocean surface wave heights in the Arctic Ocean from CryoSat-2 data. We use a semi-analytical model for an idealised synthetic aperture satellite radar or pulse-limited radar altimeter echo power. We develop a processing methodology that specifically considers both the Synthetic Aperture and Pulse Limited modes of the radar that change close to the sea ice edge within the Arctic Ocean. All CryoSat-2 echoes to date were matched by our idealised echo revealing wave heights over the period 2011\u20132019. Our retrieved data were contrasted to existing processing of CryoSat-2 data and wave model data, showing the improved fidelity and accuracy of the semi-analytical echo power model and the newly developed processing methods. We contrasted our data to in situ wave buoy measurements, showing improved data retrievals in seasonal sea ice covered seas. We have shown the importance of directly considering the correct satellite mode of operation in the Arctic Ocean where SAR is the dominant operating mode. Our new data are of specific use for wave model validation close to the sea ice edge and is available at the link in the data availability statement.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13204166","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,20]],"date-time":"2021-10-20T21:31:26Z","timestamp":1634765486000},"page":"4166","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["CryoSat-2 Significant Wave Height in Polar Oceans Derived Using a Semi-Analytical Model of Synthetic Aperture Radar 2011\u20132019"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0447-7028","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Harold","family":"Heorton","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Polar Observation and Modelling, University College London, London WC1E 6BS, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7034-5360","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michel","family":"Tsamados","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Polar Observation and Modelling, University College London, London WC1E 6BS, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1442-7833","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas","family":"Armitage","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3669-1109","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andy","family":"Ridout","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Polar Observation and Modelling, University College London, London WC1E 6BS, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7372-1007","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jack","family":"Landy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bristol Glaciology Centre, School of Geographical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TH, UK"},{"name":"Earth Observation Group, Department of Physics and Technology, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, 9037 Troms\u00f8, Norway"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L16502","DOI":"10.1029\/2012GL052676","article-title":"Trends in Arctic sea ice extent from CMIP5, CMIP3 and observations","volume":"39","author":"Stroeve","year":"2012","journal-title":"Geophys. 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