{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]],"date-time":"2026-04-17T05:38:42Z","timestamp":1776404322411,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,19]],"date-time":"2021-10-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1634601600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovaci\u00f3n, Espa\u00f1a","award":["RYC-2016-19637"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RYC-2016-19637"]}]},{"name":"Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovaci\u00f3n, Espa\u00f1a","award":["BOSSS TIN2017-89723-P"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BOSSS TIN2017-89723-P"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007406","name":"Fundaci\u00f3n BBVA","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Ayuda a Euipos de Investigaci\u00f3n Cient\u00edfica"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Ayuda a Euipos de Investigaci\u00f3n Cient\u00edfica"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007406","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"European Union\u2019s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme, MSCA","award":["886793"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["886793"]}]},{"name":"European Union\u2019s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme, MSCA","award":["794048"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["794048"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper presents an algorithm for large-scale automatic detection of burial mounds, one of the most common types of archaeological sites globally, using LiDAR and multispectral satellite data. Although previous attempts were able to detect a good proportion of the known mounds in a given area, they still presented high numbers of false positives and low precision values. Our proposed approach combines random forest for soil classification using multitemporal multispectral Sentinel-2 data and a deep learning model using YOLOv3 on LiDAR data previously pre-processed using a multi\u2013scale relief model. The resulting algorithm significantly improves previous attempts with a detection rate of 89.5%, an average precision of 66.75%, a recall value of 0.64 and a precision of 0.97, which allowed, with a small set of training data, the detection of 10,527 burial mounds over an area of near 30,000 km2, the largest in which such an approach has ever been applied. The open code and platforms employed to develop the algorithm allow this method to be applied anywhere LiDAR data or high-resolution digital terrain models are available.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13204181","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,20]],"date-time":"2021-10-20T21:31:26Z","timestamp":1634765486000},"page":"4181","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":59,"title":["Hybrid MSRM-Based Deep Learning and Multitemporal Sentinel 2-Based Machine Learning Algorithm Detects Near 10k Archaeological Tumuli in North-Western Iberia"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6161-2452","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Iban","family":"Berganzo-Besga","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Landscape Archaeology Research Group, Catalan Institute of Classical Archaeology, Pl. Rovellat s\/n, 43003 Tarragona, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9385-2370","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hector A.","family":"Orengo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Landscape Archaeology Research Group, Catalan Institute of Classical Archaeology, Pl. Rovellat s\/n, 43003 Tarragona, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2887-8053","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Felipe","family":"Lumbreras","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Computer Vision Center, Computer Science Deptartment, Universitat Aut\u00f2noma de Barcelona, Edifici O, Campus UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain"}]},{"given":"Miguel","family":"Carrero-Pazos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Archaeology, University College London, 31-34 Gordon Square, London WC1H 0PY, UK"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0367-0598","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o","family":"Fonte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Archaeology, University of Exeter, Laver Building, North Park Road, Exeter EX4 4QE, UK"}]},{"given":"Benito","family":"Vilas-Est\u00e9vez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grupo de Estudos de Arqueolox\u00eda, Antig\u00fcidade e Territorio, Facultade de Historia, University of Vigo, As Lagoas, s\/n, 32004 Ourense, Spain"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105433","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jas.2021.105433","article-title":"Deep learning reveals extent of Archaic Native American shell-ring building practices","volume":"132","author":"Davis","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. 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