{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,29]],"date-time":"2026-03-29T08:12:48Z","timestamp":1774771968767,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,20]],"date-time":"2021-10-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1634688000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2016YFC1400903"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2016YFC1400903"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41376184"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41376184"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["40976109"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["40976109"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100017054","name":"NSFC-Zhejiang Joint Fund for the Integration of Industrialization and Informatization","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U1609202"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U1609202"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100017054","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Atmospheric correction is a fundamental process of ocean color remote sensing to remove the atmospheric effect from the top-of-atmosphere. Generally, Near Infrared (NIR) based algorithms perform well for clear waters, while Ultraviolet (UV) based algorithms can obtain good results for turbid waters. However, the latter tends to produce noisy patterns for clear waters. An ideal and practical solution to deal with such a dilemma is to apply NIR- and UV-based algorithms for clear and turbid waters, respectively. We propose a novel atmospheric correction method that integrates the advantages of UV- and NIR-based atmospheric correction (AC) algorithms for coastal ocean color remote sensing. The new approach is called UV-NIR combined AC algorithm. The performance of the new algorithm is evaluated based on match-ups between GOCI images and the AERONET-OC dataset. The results show that the values of retrieved Rrs (Remote Sensing Reflectance) at visible bands agreed well with the in-situ observations. Compared with the SeaDAS (SeaWiFS Data Analysis System) standard NIR algorithm, the new AC algorithm can achieve better precision and provide more available data.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13214206","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,20]],"date-time":"2021-10-20T21:31:26Z","timestamp":1634765486000},"page":"4206","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["A Novel Framework of Integrating UV and NIR Atmospheric Correction Algorithms for Coastal Ocean Color Remote Sensing"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1010-8958","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Feng","family":"Qiao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Oceanography, Shanghai JiaoTong University, Shanghai 200030, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Satellite Ocean Environment Dynamics, Second Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Hangzhou 310012, China"}]},{"given":"Jianyu","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Oceanography, Shanghai JiaoTong University, Shanghai 200030, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Satellite Ocean Environment Dynamics, Second Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Hangzhou 310012, China"},{"name":"Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou 511458, China"},{"name":"Ocean College, Zhejiang University, Zhoushan 316021, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0066-1808","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhihua","family":"Mao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Oceanography, Shanghai JiaoTong University, Shanghai 200030, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Satellite Ocean Environment Dynamics, Second Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Hangzhou 310012, China"},{"name":"Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou 511458, China"}]},{"given":"Bing","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Ocean Technology Center, State Oceanic Administration, Tianjin 300112, China"}]},{"given":"Qingjun","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Satellite Ocean Application Service, Ministry of Natural Resources, Beijing 100081, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Space Ocean Remote Sensing and Application, Ministry of Natural Resources, Beijing 100081, China"}]},{"given":"Yuying","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Satellite Ocean Environment Dynamics, Second Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Hangzhou 310012, China"},{"name":"Ocean College, Zhejiang University, Zhoushan 316021, China"}]},{"given":"Qiankun","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Satellite Ocean Environment Dynamics, Second Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Hangzhou 310012, China"},{"name":"Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou 511458, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"C09004","DOI":"10.1029\/2012JC008046","article-title":"GOCI, the World\u2019s First Geostationary Ocean Color Observation Satellite, for the Monitoring of Temporal Variability in Coastal Water Turbidity","volume":"117","author":"Choi","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Ocean."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2013.01.023","article-title":"Using Geostationary Satellite Ocean Color Data to Map the Diurnal Dynamics of Suspended Particulate Matter in Coastal Waters","volume":"133","author":"He","year":"2013","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2013.06.020","article-title":"Retrieval of the Seawater Reflectance for Suspended Solids Monitoring in the East China Sea Using MODIS, MERIS and GOCI Satellite Data","volume":"146","author":"Doxaran","year":"2014","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chau, P.M., Wang, C.-K., and Huang, A.-T. (2021). The Spatial-Temporal Distribution of GOCI-Derived Suspended Sediment in Taiwan Coastal Water Induced by Typhoon Soudelor. Remote Sens., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13020194"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Du, Y., Lin, H., He, S., Wang, D., Wang, Y.P., and Zhang, J. (2021). Tide-Induced Variability and Mechanisms of Surface Suspended Sediment in the Zhoushan Archipelago along the Southeastern Coast of China Based on GOCI Data. Remote Sens., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13050929"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2013.09.031","article-title":"Diurnal Changes of a Harmful Algal Bloom in the East China Sea: Observations from GOCI","volume":"140","author":"Lou","year":"2014","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, M.-S., Park, K.-A., and Micheli, F. (2021). Derivation of Red Tide Index and Density Using Geostationary Ocean Color Imager (GOCI) Data. Remote Sens., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13020298"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1563","DOI":"10.1002\/2015JC011469","article-title":"Mapping Surface Tidal Currents and Changjiang Plume in the East China Sea from Geostationary Ocean Color Imager","volume":"121","author":"Hu","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Ocean."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1929","DOI":"10.1080\/01431161.2017.1416699","article-title":"Surface Currents from Hourly Variations of Suspended Particulate Matter from Geostationary Ocean Color Imager Data","volume":"39","author":"Park","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4322","DOI":"10.1029\/2019JC015027","article-title":"Improving Surface Current Estimation From Geostationary Ocean Color Imager Using Tidal Ellipse and Angular Limitation","volume":"124","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Ocean."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.20.000741","article-title":"Atmospheric Correction Using Near-Infrared Bands for Satellite Ocean Color Data Processing in the Turbid Western Pacific Region","volume":"20","author":"Wang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.33.000443","article-title":"Retrieval of Water-Leaving Radiance and Aerosol Optical Thickness over the Oceans with SeaWiFS: A Preliminary Algorithm","volume":"33","author":"Gordon","year":"1994","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4247","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.31.004247","article-title":"Surface-Roughness Considerations for Atmospheric Correction of Ocean Color Sensors 1: The Rayleigh-Scattering Component","volume":"31","author":"Gordon","year":"1992","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2693","DOI":"10.1080\/01431160110115591","article-title":"The Rayleigh Lookup Tables for the SeaWiFS Data Processing: Accounting for the Effects of Ocean Surface Roughness","volume":"23","author":"Wang","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30116","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.27.030116","article-title":"New Algorithm for Computation of the Rayleigh-Scattering Radiance for Remote Sensing of Water Color from Space","volume":"27","author":"Shanmugam","year":"2019","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTARS.2015.2503800","article-title":"An Improved Land Target-Based Atmospheric Correction Method for Lake Taihu","volume":"9","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Top. Appl. Earth Obs. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6224","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2018.2833839","article-title":"Atmospheric Correction Using the Information From the Short Blue Band","volume":"56","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2017.01.013","article-title":"An Improved Spectral Optimization Algorithm for Atmospheric Correction over Turbid Coastal Waters: A Case Study from the Changjiang (Yangtze) Estuary and the Adjacent Coast","volume":"191","author":"Pan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1631","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.17.001631","article-title":"Removal of Atmospheric Effects from Satellite Imagery of the Oceans","volume":"17","author":"Gordon","year":"1978","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"504","article-title":"Models for the Aerosols of the Lower Atmosphere and the Effects of Humidity Variations on Their Optical Properties","volume":"94","author":"Shettle","year":"1979","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5545","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.49.005545","article-title":"New Aerosol Models for the Retrieval of Aerosol Optical Thickness and Normalized Water-Leaving Radiances from the SeaWiFS and MODIS Sensors over Coastal Regions and Open Oceans","volume":"49","author":"Ahmad","year":"2010","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"Mobley, C.D., Werdell, J., Franz, B., Ahmad, Z., and Bailey, S. (2016). Atmospheric Correction for Satellite Ocean Color Radiometry. Tech. Rep., 85."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7521","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.18.007521","article-title":"Estimation of Near-Infrared Water-Leaving Reflectance for Satellite Ocean Color Data Processing","volume":"18","author":"Bailey","year":"2010","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ahn, J.-H., and Park, Y.-J. (2020). Estimating Water Reflectance at Near-Infrared Wavelengths for Turbid Water Atmospheric Correction: A Preliminary Study for GOCI-II. Remote Sens., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12223791"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2021.07.005","article-title":"Iterative Near-Infrared Atmospheric Correction Scheme for Global Coastal Waters","volume":"179","author":"Xue","year":"2021","journal-title":"ISPRS J. Photogramm. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6015","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.25.006015","article-title":"Revisiting Short-Wave-Infrared (SWIR) Bands for Atmospheric Correction in Coastal Waters","volume":"25","author":"Pahlevan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2012.12.006","article-title":"Evaluation of Four Atmospheric Correction Algorithms for MODIS-Aqua Images over Contrasted Coastal Waters","volume":"131","author":"Goyens","year":"2013","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15722","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.15.015722","article-title":"The NIR-SWIR Combined Atmospheric Correction Approach for MODIS Ocean Color Data Processing","volume":"15","author":"Wang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1587","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2009.03.011","article-title":"An Assessment of the Black Ocean Pixel Assumption for MODIS SWIR Bands","volume":"11","author":"Shi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20754","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.20.020754","article-title":"Atmospheric Correction of Satellite Ocean Color Imagery Using the Ultraviolet Wavelength for Highly Turbid Waters","volume":"20","author":"He","year":"2012","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1007\/s12601-012-0026-2","article-title":"Development of Atmospheric Correction Algorithm for Geostationary Ocean Color Imager (GOCI)","volume":"47","author":"Ahn","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ocean Sci. J."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.39.000897","article-title":"Atmospheric Correction of SeaWiFS Imagery for Turbid Coastal and Inland Waters","volume":"39","author":"Ruddick","year":"2000","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"862","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.27.000862","article-title":"Exact Rayleigh Scattering Calculations for Use with the Nimbus-7 Coastal Zone Color Scanner","volume":"27","author":"Gordon","year":"1988","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"1","article-title":"SeaWiFS Postlaunch Calibration and Validation Analyses","volume":"55","author":"Maritorena","year":"2000","journal-title":"NASA Tech. Memo.\u2014SeaWIFS Postlaunch Tech. Rep. Ser."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5755","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.41.005755","article-title":"Deriving Inherent Optical Properties from Water Color: A Multiband Quasi-Analytical Algorithm for Optically Deep Waters","volume":"41","author":"Lee","year":"2002","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6762","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.45.006762","article-title":"Validation of a Vector Version of the 6S Radiative Transfer Code for Atmospheric Correction of Satellite Data Part I: Path Radiance","volume":"45","author":"Kotchenova","year":"2006","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4455","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.46.004455","article-title":"Validation of a Vector Version of the 6S Radiative Transfer Code for Atmospheric Correction of Satellite Data Part II Homogeneous Lambertian and Anisotropic Surfaces","volume":"46","author":"Kotchenova","year":"2007","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2012.08.002","article-title":"Py6S: A Python Interface to the 6S Radiative Transfer Model","volume":"51","author":"Wilson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Comput. Geosci."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.5194\/essd-7-319-2015","article-title":"CoastColour Round Robin Data Sets: A Database to Evaluate the Performance of Algorithms for the Retrieval of Water Quality Parameters in Coastal Waters","volume":"7","author":"Nechad","year":"2015","journal-title":"Earth Syst. Sci. Data"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1634","DOI":"10.1175\/2009JTECHO654.1","article-title":"AERONET-OC: A Network for the Validation of Ocean Color Primary Products","volume":"26","author":"Zibordi","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/13\/21\/4206\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T07:19:19Z","timestamp":1760167159000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/13\/21\/4206"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,20]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"21","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11]]}},"alternative-id":["rs13214206"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs13214206","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,20]]}}}