{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,19]],"date-time":"2026-01-19T00:53:32Z","timestamp":1768784012654,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,21]],"date-time":"2021-10-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1634774400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this contribution, interpolation methods were assessed to build the bathymetry of 200 km of the Odra River in South Poland. The River Bed Mapping (RBM) was carried out surveying the depth of several reaches of the canalized part of the river using an Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) with an echo sounder as well as two navigation schemes. The values from the interpolation were compared with the data from a classical cross-sectional survey as part of the ISOK (Polish acronym for Information System of Country Protection Against Extraordinary Hazards) project. Two statistical errors between the interpolation values and the ISOK information were estimated, namely, the Mean Absolute Error (MAE) and the Root Mean Square Error (RMSE). Thanks to the presented analysis, it was possible to compare and analyze which interpolation method fits the best for the batymetric surveying of a shallow river. For this specific case study, the TIN (Triangular Irregular Network) and the NN (Natural Neighbor) methods generates the most accurate RBM.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13214236","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,21]],"date-time":"2021-10-21T23:27:39Z","timestamp":1634858859000},"page":"4236","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Riverbed Mapping with the Usage of Deterministic and Geo-Statistical Interpolation Methods: The Odra River Case Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1447-0487","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Uciechowska-Grakowicz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Civil Engineering, Wroc\u0142aw University of Science and Technology, Wyb. Wyspia\u0144skiego 27, 50-370 Wroc\u0142aw, Poland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7422-5873","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oscar","family":"Herrera-Granados","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Civil Engineering, Wroc\u0142aw University of Science and Technology, Wyb. Wyspia\u0144skiego 27, 50-370 Wroc\u0142aw, Poland"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Kostecki, S., Machajski, J., Herrera-Granados, O., Uciechowska-Grakowicz, A.K., Maniecki, \u0141., and Sawicki, E. (2019). Project on the Enhancement of the Navigability of the Odra River. Reports and Recomendations. Part 1A, Wroc\u0142aw University of Science and Technology. (In Polish)."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1186\/s40645-017-0140-y","article-title":"Acoustic water bottom investigation with a remotely operated watercraft survey system","volume":"4","author":"Yamasaki","year":"2017","journal-title":"Prog. Earth Planet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bio, A., Gon\u00e7alves, J.A., Magalh\u00e3es, A., Pinheiro, J., and Bastos, L. (2020). Combining Low-Cost Sonar and High-Precision Global Navigation Satellite System for Shallow Water Bathymetry. Estuaries Coasts.","DOI":"10.1007\/s12237-020-00703-6"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1080\/21664250.2018.1503403","article-title":"Temporal changes in the ebb-tidal delta bathymetry of Imagire-guchi inlet in Japan","volume":"60","author":"Okabe","year":"2018","journal-title":"Coast. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Molenda, T., Czajka, A., Czaja, S., and Spyt, B. (2021). Rapid River Bed Recovery after the In-Channel Mining: The Case of Vistula River, Poland. Water, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/w13050623"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pacina, J., Lend\u2019\u00c1kov\u00e1, Z., \u0160tojdl, J., Grygar, T.M., and Dolej\u0161, M. (2020). Dynamics of sediments in reservoir inflows: A case study of the skalka and nechranice reservoirs, Czech Republic. ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi9040258"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.2478\/rtuect-2020-0100","article-title":"Methodology for Bathymetric Mapping Using Open-Source Software","volume":"24","author":"Dumpis","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Clim. Technol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Halmai, \u00c1, Gradwohl-Valkay, A., Czig\u00e1ny, S., Ficsor, J., Liptay, Z.\u00c1, Kiss, K., and Pirkhoffer, E. (2020). Applicability of a recreational-grade interferometric sonar for the bathymetric survey and monitoring of the Drava River. ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi9030149"},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"375","article-title":"A bathymetric unmanned surface vessel for effective monitoring of underwater aggregate extraction from the perspective of engineering facilities protection","volume":"64","author":"Madusiok","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arch. Min. Sci."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"25","article-title":"Geofizyczne metody bada\u0144 osad\u00f3w dennych","volume":"1","author":"Osadczuk","year":"2007","journal-title":"Stud. Limnol. Telmatologica"},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"109","article-title":"Evaluation of data accuracy obtained from batymetric measurement using the fishfinder LOWRANCE LMS-527C DF iGPS","volume":"21","author":"Kaplon","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arch. Fotogram. Kartogr. Teledetekcji"},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"499","article-title":"Modelling river channel topography using GIS","volume":"11","author":"Milne","year":"1997","journal-title":"Int. J. GIS"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Song, Y., Huang, J., Toorman, E., and Yang, G. (2020). Reconstruction of river topography for 3d hydrodynamic modelling using surveyed cross-sections: An improved algorithm. Water, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/w12123539"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dysarz, T. (2018). Development of RiverBox-An ArcGIS toolbox for river bathymetry reconstruction. Water, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/w10091266"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1080\/19475683.2019.1588781","article-title":"Comparison of different spatial interpolation methods for historical hydrographic data of the lowermost Mississippi River","volume":"25","author":"Wu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann. GIS"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kruger, R., Karrash, P., and Bernard, L. (2018). Evaluating Spatial Data Acquisition and Interpolation Strategies for River Bathymetries. Geospatial Technologies for All, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-78208-9_1"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1185","DOI":"10.1002\/esp.3891","article-title":"Effect of transect location, transect spacing and interpolation methods on river bathymetry accuracy","volume":"41","author":"Glenn","year":"2016","journal-title":"Earth Surf. Process. Landforms"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geomorph.2009.06.024","article-title":"Influence of survey strategy and interpolation model on DEM quality","volume":"112","author":"Heritage","year":"2009","journal-title":"Geomorphology"},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"17","article-title":"GIS modelling of bathymetric data in the construction of port terminals\u2014An example of Vla\u0161ka channel in the Port of Plo\u010de, Croatia","volume":"32","author":"Cavric","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Eng. Model."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Genchi, S.A., Vitale, A.J., Perillo, G.M.E., Seitz, C., and Delrieux, C.A. (2020). Mapping Topobathymetry in a Shallow Tidal Environment Using Low-Cost Technology. Remote Sens., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12091394"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1590\/s1982-21702017000300033","article-title":"Em superficies batim\u00e9tricas: IDW ou krigagem?","volume":"23","author":"Ferreira","year":"2017","journal-title":"Bol. Cienc. Geod."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arseni, M., Voiculescu, M., Georgescu, L.P., Iticescu, C., and Rosu, A. (2019). Testing Different Interpolation Methods Based on Single Beam Echosounder River Surveying. Case Study: Siret River. ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi8110507"},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"Uijttewaal, W., Franca, M.J., Valero, D., Chavarrias, V., Arb\u00f3s, C.Y., Schielen, R., and Crosato, A. (2020). Numerical analysis of filling\/emptying operation proposals for ship-locks chambers used for inland navigation. River-Flow 2020, Proceedings of the of the 10th Conference on Fluvial Hydraulics, Delft, The Netherlands, 7\u201310 July 2020, CRC Press\/Balkema."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"Dybkowska-Stefek, D. (2018). Methodology to estimate the minimum and maximum water level for inland navigation after the modernization of the Odra waterway. Biuro Odrza\u0144Skiej Drog. Wodnej."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2016.01.020","article-title":"Comparative evaluation of 1D and quasi-2D hydraulic models based on benchmark and real-world applications for uncertainty assessment in flood mapping","volume":"534","author":"Dimitriadis","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"Kalinowska, M., Rowi\u0144ski, P., Okruszko, T., and Nines, M. (2020). Usage of geostatistical interpolation methods for riverbed mapping and digital bathymetric modelling. 6th IAHR Europe Congress. Book of Abstracts, PAS Publications."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Paramasivam, C.R., and Venkatramanan, S. (2019). An introduction to various spatial analysis techniques. GIS Geostat. Tech. Groundw. Sci., 20\u201330.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-815413-7.00003-1"},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"Reefmaster (2018, December 01). Reference Manual V2.0. Available online: https:\/\/reefmaster.com.au\/reference2\/index.htm."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1363","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-017-01681-3","article-title":"River-bed armouring as a granular segregation phenomenon","volume":"8","author":"Ferdowsi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"225","article-title":"Influence of river bed elevation survey configurations and interpolation methods on the accuracy of lidar dtm-based river flow simulations","volume":"42","author":"Santillan","year":"2016","journal-title":"ISPRS Arch."},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"Kostecki, S., Machajski, J., Banasiak, R., Herrera-Granados, O., Uciechowska-Grakowicz, A.K., Maniecki, \u0141, and Sawicki, E. (2019). Project on the Enhancement of the Navigability of the Odra River. Reports and Recomendations. Part C, Wroc\u0142aw University of Science and Technology. (In Polish)."},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"Westcott, K.L., and Brandon, R.J. (2000). Construction of Digital Elevation Models for Archaeological Applications. Practical Applications of GIS for Archaeologists, Taylor & Francis."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1555","DOI":"10.1007\/s10236-014-0773-y","article-title":"Can recreational echosounder-chartplotter systems be used to perform accurate nearshore bathymetric surveys?","volume":"64","author":"Horta","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ocean Dyn."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/13\/21\/4236\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T07:20:43Z","timestamp":1760167243000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/13\/21\/4236"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,21]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"21","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11]]}},"alternative-id":["rs13214236"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs13214236","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,21]]}}}