{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,7]],"date-time":"2026-01-07T23:58:53Z","timestamp":1767830333706,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,25]],"date-time":"2021-10-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1635120000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the SGCC Science and Technology Project","award":["5200-201955490A-0-0-00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5200-201955490A-0-0-00"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The spatiotemporal statistical characteristics of warm-season deep convective systems, particularly deep convective systems initiation (DCSI), over China and its vicinity are investigated using Himawari-8 geostationary satellite measurements collected during April-September from 2016 to 2020. Based on a satellite brightness temperature multiple-threshold convection identification and tracking method, a total of 47593 deep convective systems with lifetimes of at least 3 h were identified in the region. There are three outstanding local maxima in the region, located in the southwestern, central and eastern Tibetan Plateau and Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau, followed by a region of high convective activities in South China. Most convective systems are developed over the Tibetan Plateau, predominantly eastward-moving, while those developed in Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau and South China mostly move westward and southwestward. The DSCI occurrences become extremely active after the onset of the summer monsoon and tend to reach a maximum in July and August, with a diurnal peak at 11\u201313 LST in response to the enhanced solar heating and monsoon flows. Several DCSI hotspots are identified in the regions of inland mountains, tropical islands and coastal mountains during daytime, but in basins, plains and coastal areas during nighttime. DCSI over land and oceans exhibits significantly different sub-seasonal and diurnal variations. Oceanic DCSI has an ambiguous diurnal variation, although its sub-seasonal variation is similar to that over land. It is demonstrated that the high spatiotemporal resolution satellite dataset provides rich information for understanding the convective systems over China and vicinity, particularly the complex terrain and oceans where radar observations are sparse or none, which will help to improve the convective systems and initiation nowcasting.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13214289","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,25]],"date-time":"2021-10-25T21:42:05Z","timestamp":1635198125000},"page":"4289","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Characteristics of Deep Convective Systems and Initiation during Warm Seasons over China and Its Vicinity"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0845-2135","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yang","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory for Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation of China Meteorological Administration, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China"},{"name":"Precision Regional Earth Modeling and Information Center, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China"}]},{"given":"Yubao","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory for Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation of China Meteorological Administration, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China"},{"name":"Precision Regional Earth Modeling and Information Center, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China"}]},{"given":"Yun","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Meteorological Center, Beijing 100081, China"}]},{"given":"Baojun","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chinese Academy of Meteorological Science, Beijing 100081, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1756-6620","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xin","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory for Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation of China Meteorological Administration, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China"}]},{"given":"Weisheng","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Operation and Control of Renewable Energy & Storage Systems, Chinese Electric Power Research Institute, State Grid of Corporation of China, Beijing 100035, China"}]},{"given":"Zhuozhi","family":"Shu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory for Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation of China Meteorological Administration, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China"},{"name":"Precision Regional Earth Modeling and Information Center, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China"}]},{"given":"Zhaoyang","family":"Huo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory for Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation of China Meteorological Administration, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China"},{"name":"Precision Regional Earth Modeling and Information Center, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1389","DOI":"10.1002\/qj.106","article-title":"Monsoon convection in the Himalayan region as seen by the TRMM precipitation radar","volume":"133","author":"Houze","year":"2007","journal-title":"Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"868","DOI":"10.1007\/s13351-013-0605-x","article-title":"Distribution and diurnal variation of warm-season short-duration heavy rainfall in relation to the MCSs in China","volume":"27","author":"Chen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Acta Meteorol. Sin."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1007\/s13351-015-4983-0","article-title":"Climate analysis of tornadoes in China","volume":"29","author":"Yao","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Meteorol. Res."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105580","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2021.105580","article-title":"A five-year climatological lightning characteristics of linear mesoscale convective systems over North China","volume":"256","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Atmos. Res."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.1175\/JAMC-D-17-0208.1","article-title":"Climatology of hail frequency and size in China, 1980\u20132015","volume":"57","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Appl. Meteorol. Climatol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1007\/s11430-019-9391-1","article-title":"Climatology of tropical cyclone tornadoes in China from 2006 to 2018","volume":"63","author":"Bai","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. China Earth Sci."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1388","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0442(1989)002<1388:AIOTAC>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"An investigation of the annual cycle of convective activity over the tropical Americas","volume":"2","author":"Horel","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Clim."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1923","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0442(2001)014<1923:SATCOH>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Spatial and temporal characteristics of heavy precipitation events over Canada","volume":"14","author":"Zhang","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Clim."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3003","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0493(2003)131<3003:DOMCCR>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Distribution of mesoscale convective complex rainfall in the United States","volume":"131","author":"Ashley","year":"2003","journal-title":"Mon. Weather Rev."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7303","DOI":"10.1175\/JCLI-D-19-0137.1","article-title":"Spatiotemporal characteristics and large-scale environments of mesoscale convective systems east of the Rocky Mountains","volume":"32","author":"Feng","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Clim."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1175\/JHM-D-20-0167.1","article-title":"A 10-Year Climatology of Mesoscale Convective Systems and Their Synoptic Circulations in the Southwest Mountain Area of China","volume":"22","author":"Meng","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Hydrometeorol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1577","DOI":"10.1175\/MWR-D-12-00177.1","article-title":"Precipitation and convective characteristics of summer deep convection over East Asia observed by TRMM","volume":"141","author":"Xu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mon. Weather Rev."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1002\/2014JD021965","article-title":"Spatial and temporal characteristics of warm season convection over Pearl River Delta region, China, based on 3 years of operational radar data","volume":"119","author":"Chen","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4890","DOI":"10.1175\/JCLI-D-14-00491.1","article-title":"Characteristics of mesoscale convective systems over China and its vicinity using geostationary satellite FY2","volume":"28","author":"Yang","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Clim."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E875","DOI":"10.1002\/joc.6735","article-title":"Key statistical characteristics of the mesoscale convective systems generated over the Tibetan Plateau and their relationship to precipitation and southwest vortices","volume":"41","author":"Mai","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Climatol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1175\/MWR-D-13-00158.1","article-title":"Rainy-season precipitation over the Sichuan basin and adjacent regions in southwestern China","volume":"143","author":"Qian","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mon. Weather Rev."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3276","DOI":"10.1002\/joc.4917","article-title":"Characteristics of mesoscale convective systems in central East China and their reliance on atmospheric circulation patterns","volume":"37","author":"He","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Climatol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kukulies, J., Chen, D., and Curio, J. (2020). The Role of Mesoscale Convective Systems in Precipitation in the Tibetan Plateau region. Earth Space Sci. Open Arch. ESSOAr.","DOI":"10.1002\/essoar.10504239.1"},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"2599","article-title":"A 7-Yr Climatology of the Initiation, Decay, and Morphology of Severe Convective Storms during the Warm Season over North China","volume":"149","author":"Ma","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mon. Weather Rev."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1002\/qj.49712353807","article-title":"The global population of mesoscale convective complexes","volume":"123","author":"Laing","year":"1997","journal-title":"Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1574","DOI":"10.1007\/s11434-008-0116-9","article-title":"Climatological distribution and diurnal variation of mesoscale convective systems over China and its vicinity during summer","volume":"53","author":"Zheng","year":"2008","journal-title":"Chin. Sci Bull."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"Ziegler, C.L. (2014, January 5). Deep convection initiation: State of the science, limits of understanding, and future directions. Presented at the 94th American Meteorological Society Annual Meeting, American Meteorological Society, Atlanta, GA, USA."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1002\/qj.747","article-title":"Radar climatology of the COPS region","volume":"137","author":"Weckwerth","year":"2011","journal-title":"Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2014.08.006","article-title":"Radar-based severe storm climatology for Austrian complex orography related to vertical wind shear and atmospheric instability","volume":"158","author":"Kaltenboeck","year":"2015","journal-title":"Atmos. Res."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1615","DOI":"10.1175\/MWR-D-16-0340.1","article-title":"A 20-year climatology of nocturnal convection initiation over the central and southern Great Plains during the warm season","volume":"145","author":"Reif","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mon. Weather Rev."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1002\/2017JD026946","article-title":"Distribution and Variability of Satellite-Derived Signals of Isolated Convection Initiation Events Over Central Eastern China","volume":"122","author":"Huang","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2020GL087035","DOI":"10.1029\/2020GL087035","article-title":"Convection initiation in monsoon coastal areas (South China)","volume":"47","author":"Bai","year":"2020","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1039","DOI":"10.1175\/JAMC-D-14-0129.1","article-title":"Probabilistic 0\u20131-h convective initiation nowcasts that combine geostationary satellite observations and numerical weather prediction model data","volume":"54","author":"Mecikalski","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Appl. Meteorol. Climatol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1175\/MWR3069.1","article-title":"Summary of convective storm initiation and evolution during IHOP: Observational and modeling perspective","volume":"134","author":"Wilson","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mon. Weather Rev."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2516","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0493(1986)114<2516:IOCSAR>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Initiation of convective storms at radar-observed boundary-layer convergence lines","volume":"114","author":"Wilson","year":"1986","journal-title":"Mon. Weather Rev."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1175\/MWR3067.1","article-title":"A review of convection initiation and motivation for IHOP_2002","volume":"134","author":"Weckwerth","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mon. Weather Rev."},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"1477","article-title":"The Convective and Orographically induced Precipitation Study: A research and development project of the World Weather Research Program for improving quantitative precipitation forecasting in low-mountain regions","volume":"89","author":"Wulfmeyer","year":"2011","journal-title":"Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.1175\/BAMS-D-15-00257.1","article-title":"The 2015 plains elevated convection at night field project","volume":"98","author":"Geerts","year":"2017","journal-title":"Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"999","DOI":"10.1175\/BAMS-D-15-00235.1","article-title":"The southern China monsoon rainfall experiment (SCMREX)","volume":"98","author":"Luo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1175\/MWR-D-13-00111.1","article-title":"Initiation and organizational modes of an extreme-rain-producing mesoscale convective system along a mei-yu front in east China","volume":"142","author":"Luo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mon. Weather Rev."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2019JD031731","DOI":"10.1029\/2019JD031731","article-title":"Influence of multiscale orography on the initiation and maintenance of a precipitating convective system in North China: A case study","volume":"125","author":"Hua","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1175\/MWR-D-18-0102.1","article-title":"Heavy rainfalls associated with double low-level jets over southern China. Part II: Convection initiation","volume":"147","author":"Du","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mon. Weather Rev."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1029\/2012JD018158","article-title":"Diurnal variations in convective storm activity over contiguous North China during the warm season based on radar mosaic climatology","volume":"117","author":"Chen","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2021GL094382","DOI":"10.1029\/2021GL094382","article-title":"Convection Initiation Associated with Ambient Winds and Local Circulations Over a Tropical Island in South China","volume":"48","author":"Zhu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"863","article-title":"Characteristics of MCC from Convective Initiation to Mature Stage Over the Sichuan Basin Based on FY-4A Satellite Data","volume":"45","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chin. J. Atmos. Sci."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2679","DOI":"10.1175\/2008JAMC1695.1","article-title":"Characteristics of summer convective systems initiated from Tibetan Plateau Part I: Origin, track, development and precipitation","volume":"47","author":"Li","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Appl. Meteorol. Climatol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5512","DOI":"10.1002\/2015JD024390","article-title":"The seasonal variation of Tibetan convective systems: Satellite observation","volume":"121","author":"Hu","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7289","DOI":"10.1002\/2017JD026681","article-title":"The regional differences of Tibetan convective systems in boreal summer","volume":"122","author":"Hu","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.1002\/2013GL058922","article-title":"Convective vertical velocity and cloud internal vertical structure: An A-Train perspective","volume":"41","author":"Luo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5435","DOI":"10.1002\/2016GL068962","article-title":"Convective cloud top vertical velocity estimated from geostationary satellite rapid-scan measurements","volume":"43","author":"Hamada","year":"2016","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3183","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469(1994)051<3183:VVIOCO>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Vertical velocity in oceanic convection off tropical Australia","volume":"51","author":"Lucas","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Sci."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469(1989)046<0621:VVCOOC>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Vertical velocity characteristics of oceanic convection","volume":"46","author":"Jorgensen","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Sci."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1056","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0493(1999)127<1056:VVCODC>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Vertical velocity characteristics of deep convection over Darwin, Australia","volume":"127","author":"May","year":"1999","journal-title":"Mon. Weather Rev."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1999","DOI":"10.1002\/qj.3803","article-title":"The ERA5 global reanalysis","volume":"146","author":"Hersbach","year":"2020","journal-title":"Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1374","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0477(1980)061<1374:MCC>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Mesoscale convective complexes","volume":"61","author":"Maddox","year":"1980","journal-title":"Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4551","DOI":"10.5194\/gmd-12-4551-2019","article-title":"Tobac 1.2: Towards a Flexible Framework for Tracking and Analysis of Clouds in Diverse Datasets","volume":"12","author":"Heikenfeld","year":"2019","journal-title":"Geosci. Model. Dev."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-1684(90)90127-K","article-title":"Automated Basin Delineation from Digital Elevation Models Using Mathematical Morphology","volume":"20","author":"Soille","year":"1990","journal-title":"Signal Process."},{"key":"ref_53","unstructured":"Allan, D., Caswell, T., Keim, N., and van der Wel, C. (2019). TrackPy. Zenodo."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2517","DOI":"10.1175\/MWR-D-15-0197.1","article-title":"Life cycle characteristics of MCSs in middle East China tracked by geostationary satellite and precipitation estimates","volume":"144","author":"Ai","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mon. Weather Rev."},{"key":"ref_55","first-page":"391","article-title":"Advances in severe convective weather research and operational service in China","volume":"78","author":"Yu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Meteorol. Sinica."},{"key":"ref_56","unstructured":"Li, J. (2010). Study on the characteristics of the mesoscale Convective cloud clusters occurred in east Asia during warm seasons. Inst. Atmos. Phys. Chin. Acad. Sci., 1\u201329. (In Chinese)."},{"key":"ref_57","first-page":"234","article-title":"Operational System of Severe Convective Weather Comprehensive Monitoring","volume":"39","author":"Zheng","year":"2013","journal-title":"Meteorol. Mon."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1747","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469(1979)036<1747:TVVEFS>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Thunderstorm vertical velocities estimated from satellite data","volume":"36","author":"Adler","year":"1979","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Sci."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2444","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469(1980)037<2444:CVVEIG>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Cumulonimbus vertical velocity events in GATE: Part I. Diameter, intensity and mass flux","volume":"37","author":"LeMone","year":"1980","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Sci."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1126\/science.110.2856.291","article-title":"Structure and dynamics of the thunderstorm","volume":"110","author":"Byers","year":"1949","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0442(2002)015<0386:RSOTAP>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Rainy season of the Asian\u2013Pacific summer monsoon","volume":"15","author":"Wang","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Clim."},{"key":"ref_62","first-page":"600","article-title":"Climatic Background of Warm Season Convective Weather in North China Based on the NCEP Analysis","volume":"43","author":"Zheng","year":"2007","journal-title":"Acta Sci. Nat. Univ. Pekin."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1002\/qj.2499","article-title":"The effect of urbanisation on the climatology of thunderstorm initiation","volume":"141","author":"Haberlie","year":"2015","journal-title":"Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4047","DOI":"10.1002\/joc.4261","article-title":"Spatiotemporal distribution of thunderstorm initiation in the US Great Plains from 2005 to 2007","volume":"35","author":"Lock","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Climatol."},{"key":"ref_65","first-page":"1","article-title":"Convection Initiation and Growth at the Coast of South China. Part II: Effects of the Terrain, Coastline and Cold Pools","volume":"2020","author":"Du","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mon. Weather Rev."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1213","DOI":"10.1175\/BAMS-D-11-00264.1","article-title":"A feasibility study for probabilistic convection initiation forecasts based on explicit numerical guidance","volume":"94","author":"Kain","year":"2013","journal-title":"Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2756","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0493(2000)128<2756:TLSEOT>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"The large-scale environments of the global populations of mesoscale convective complexes","volume":"128","author":"Laing","year":"2000","journal-title":"Mon. Weather Rev."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1109\/MCSE.2007.55","article-title":"Matplotlib: A 2D graphics environment","volume":"9","author":"Hunter","year":"2007","journal-title":"Comput. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_69","unstructured":"Davis, L.L.B. (2021). ProPlot. Zenodo."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1329","DOI":"10.1175\/BAMS-D-17-0277.1","article-title":"PyTroll: An Open-Source, Community-Driven Python Framework to Process Earth Observation Satellite Data","volume":"99","author":"Raspaud","year":"2018","journal-title":"Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/13\/21\/4289\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T07:23:09Z","timestamp":1760167389000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/13\/21\/4289"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,25]]},"references-count":70,"journal-issue":{"issue":"21","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11]]}},"alternative-id":["rs13214289"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs13214289","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,25]]}}}