{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,26]],"date-time":"2026-03-26T20:13:44Z","timestamp":1774556024710,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":98,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,27]],"date-time":"2021-10-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1635292800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Key Research and Development Project","award":["2018YFC1508105"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018YFC1508105"]}]},{"name":"National Key Research and Development Project","award":["2019YFC1510605"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019YFC1510605"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["51909274"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["51909274"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["42001033"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42001033"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The spatiotemporal evolution of vegetation and its influencing factors can be used to explore the relationships among vegetation, climate change, and human activities, which are of great importance for guiding scientific management of regional ecological environments. In recent years, remote sensing technology has been widely used in dynamic monitoring of vegetation. In this study, the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and standardized precipitation\u2013evapotranspiration index (SPEI) from 1998 to 2017 were used to study the spatiotemporal variation of NDVI in China. The influences of climate change and human activities on NDVI variation were investigated based on the Mann\u2013Kendall test, correlation analysis, and other methods. The results show that the growth rate of NDVI in China was 0.003 year\u22121. Regions with improved and degraded vegetation accounted for 71.02% and 22.97% of the national territorial area, respectively. The SPEI decreased in 60.08% of the area and exhibited an insignificant drought trend overall. Human activities affected the vegetation cover in the directions of both destruction and restoration. As the elevation and slope increased, the correlation between NDVI and SPEI gradually increased, whereas the impact of human activities on vegetation decreased. Further studies should focus on vegetation changes in the Continental Basin, Southwest Rivers, and Liaohe River Basin.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13214326","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,27]],"date-time":"2021-10-27T23:24:42Z","timestamp":1635377082000},"page":"4326","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":76,"title":["Influences of Climate Change and Human Activities on NDVI Changes in China"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Yu","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research, Beijing 100038, China"},{"name":"Research Center on Flood & Drought Disaster Reduction, The Ministry of Water Resources of China, Beijing 100038, China"}]},{"given":"Jiyang","family":"Tian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research, Beijing 100038, China"},{"name":"Research Center on Flood & Drought Disaster Reduction, The Ministry of Water Resources of China, Beijing 100038, China"}]},{"given":"Ronghua","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research, Beijing 100038, China"},{"name":"Research Center on Flood & Drought Disaster Reduction, The Ministry of Water Resources of China, Beijing 100038, China"}]},{"given":"Liuqian","family":"Ding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research, Beijing 100038, China"},{"name":"Research Center on Flood & Drought Disaster Reduction, The Ministry of Water Resources of China, Beijing 100038, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guo, E.L., Wang, Y.F., Wang, C.L., Sun, Z.Y., Bao, Y.L., Naren, M., Buren, J., Bao, Y.H., and Li, H. 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