{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T02:28:11Z","timestamp":1760236091868,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,29]],"date-time":"2021-10-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1635465600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004329","name":"Slovenian Research Agency","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P1-0385","I0-0033"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P1-0385","I0-0033"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004329","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2018YFC0213101","2016YFC1400905."],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018YFC0213101","2016YFC1400905."]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["62105248"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62105248"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper complements the existing studies of Bora flow properties in the Vipava valley with the study of Bora turbulence in a lower region of the troposphere. The turbulence characteristics of Bora flow were derived from high resolution Doppler wind lidar measurements during eight Bora wind episodes that occurred in November and December 2019. Based on the vertical profiles of wind velocity, from 80 to 180 m above the valley floor, the turbulence intensity related to all three spatial directions and the along-wind integral length scales related to three velocity components were evaluated and compared to the approximations given in international standards. The resulting turbulence characteristics of Bora flow in a deep mountain valley exhibited interesting behaviour, differing from the one expected and suggested by standards. The intensity of turbulence during Bora episodes was found to be quite strong, especially regarding the expected values for that particular category of terrain. The specific relationship between along-wind, lateral and vertical intensity was evaluated as well. The scales of turbulence in the along-wind direction were found to vary widely between different Bora episodes and were rather different from the approximations given by standards, with the most significant deviations observed for the along-wind length scale of the vertical velocity component. Finally, the periodicity of flow structures above the valley was assessed, yielding a wide range of possible periods between 1 and 10 min, thus confirming some of the previous observations from the studies of Bora in the Vipava valley.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13214363","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,1]],"date-time":"2021-11-01T22:24:22Z","timestamp":1635805462000},"page":"4363","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Bora Flow Characteristics in a Complex Valley Environment"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3334-9009","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marija","family":"Bervida","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Atmospheric Research, University of Nova Gorica, Vipavska 11c, 5270 Ajdov\u0161\u010dina, Slovenia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3344-8381","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Samo","family":"Stani\u010d","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Atmospheric Research, University of Nova Gorica, Vipavska 11c, 5270 Ajdov\u0161\u010dina, Slovenia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6379-2381","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gri\u0161a","family":"Mo\u010dnik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Atmospheric Research, University of Nova Gorica, Vipavska 11c, 5270 Ajdov\u0161\u010dina, Slovenia"}]},{"given":"Longlong","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Remote Sensing and Information Engineering, Wuhan University, 129 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430079, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6584-578X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Klemen","family":"Bergant","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Atmospheric Research, University of Nova Gorica, Vipavska 11c, 5270 Ajdov\u0161\u010dina, Slovenia"},{"name":"Slovenian Environment Agency, Vojkova 1b, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7267-9428","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaoquan","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Marine Technology, Faculty of Information Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, 238 Songling Road, Qingdao 266100, China"},{"name":"Laboratory for Regional Oceanography and Numerical Modeling, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), 168 Wenhai Middle Road, Qingdao 266237, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"K\u00f6pp, F. 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