{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T02:28:27Z","timestamp":1760236107089,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,30]],"date-time":"2021-10-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1635552000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>We propose novel Joint Radar-communication spectrum sharing strategies exploiting orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) waveforms that concurrently achieve the objectives of both radar and communication systems. An OFDM transmitter is considered that transmits dual-purpose OFDM subcarriers such that all the subcarriers are exploited for the primary radar function and further exclusively allocated to the secondary communication function serving multiple users. The waveform optimization is performed by employing mutual information (MI) as the optimization criterion for both radar and communication operations. For the purpose of radar performance optimization, we consider the MI between the frequency-dependent target response and the transmit OFDM waveforms. On the other hand, communication system performance is evaluated in terms of the MI between the frequency-dependent communication channels of communication users with the transmit OFDM subcarriers. These optimization objectives not only enable the transmit power allocation of the OFDM subcarriers, but also govern the subcarrier distribution among the communication users. Two resource optimization scenarios are considered, resulting in radar-centric and cooperative resource allocation strategies that exploit convex and mixed-integer linear programming optimization problems for power allocation and subcarrier distribution, respectively. We further present a chunk subcarrier allocation approach that applies to both optimization strategies to reduce the computational complexity with a trivial performance loss. Simulation results are presented to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed strategies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13214376","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,1]],"date-time":"2021-11-01T22:24:22Z","timestamp":1635805462000},"page":"4376","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Joint Radar-Communications Exploiting Optimized OFDM Waveforms"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Ammar","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yimin D.","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7636-1724","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aboulnasr","family":"Hassanien","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Wright State University, Dayton, OH 45435, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sturm, C., Zwick, T., and Wiesbeck, W. (2009, January 26\u201329). An OFDM system concept for joint radar and communications operations. Proceedings of the VTC Spring 2009-IEEE 69th Vehicular Technology Conference, Barcelona, Spain.","DOI":"10.1109\/VETECS.2009.5073387"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Blunt, S.D., Cook, M.R., and Stiles, J. (2010, January 8\u201313). Embedding information into radar emissions via waveform implementation. Proceedings of the 2010 International Waveform Diversity and Design Conference, Niagara Falls, ON, Canada.","DOI":"10.1109\/WDD.2010.5592502"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Griffiths, H., Blunt, S., Cohen, L., and Savy, L. (May, January 29). Challenge problems in spectrum engineering and waveform diversity. Proceedings of the 2013 IEEE Radar Conference (RadarCon13), Ottawa, ON, Canada.","DOI":"10.1109\/RADAR.2013.6586140"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1911","DOI":"10.1109\/TAES.2013.6558027","article-title":"Interference mitigation processing for spectrum-sharing between radar and wireless communications systems","volume":"49","author":"Deng","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Aerosp. Electron. Syst."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1109\/MAES.2016.150225","article-title":"Signaling strategies for dual-function radar\u2013communications: An overview","volume":"31","author":"Hassanien","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Aerosp. Electron. Syst. Mag."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kumar, S., Costa, G., Kant, S., Flemming, B.F., Marchetti, N., and Mogensen, P. (2008, January 14). Spectrum sharing for next generation wireless communication networks. Proceedings of the 2008 First International Workshop on Cognitive Radio and Advanced Spectrum Management, Aalborg, Denmark.","DOI":"10.1109\/COGART.2008.4509982"},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Zhang, Y., Zheng, J., and Chen, H.H. (2010). Cognitive Radio Networks: Architectures, Protocols, and Standards, CRC Press, Inc.. [1st ed.]."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guerci, J.R. (2010). Cognitive Radar: The Knowledge-Aided Fully Adaptive Approach, Artech House.","DOI":"10.1109\/RADAR.2010.5494403"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2057","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2011.111215","article-title":"Performance characteristics and metrics for intra-pulse radar-embedded communication","volume":"29","author":"Blunt","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bliss, D.W. (2014, January 19\u201323). Cooperative radar and communications signaling: The estimation and information theory odd couple. Proceedings of the 2014 IEEE Radar Conference, Cincinnati, OH, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/RADAR.2014.6875553"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hayvaci, H.T., and Tavli, B. (2014, January 3\u20138). Spectrum sharing in radar and wireless communication systems: A review. Proceedings of the 2014 International Conference on Electromagnetics in Advanced Applications (ICEAA), Palm Beach, Aruba.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICEAA.2014.6903969"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Euzi\u00e8re, J., Guinvarc\u2019h, R., Lesturgie, M., Uguen, B., and Gillard, R. (2014, January 13\u201317). Dual function radar\u2013communication time-modulated array. Proceedings of the 2014 International Radar Conference, Lille, France.","DOI":"10.1109\/RADAR.2014.7060416"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1109\/LSP.2014.2363585","article-title":"Adaptive radar beamforming for interference mitigation in radar-wireless spectrum sharing","volume":"22","author":"Geng","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Signal Process. Lett."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Huang, K.W., Bic\u0103, M., Mitra, U., and Koivunen, V. (2015, January 10\u201315). Radar waveform design in spectrum sharing environment: Coexistence and cognition. Proceedings of the 2015 IEEE Radar Conference (RadarCon), Arlington, VA, USA."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guerci, J.R., Guerci, R.M., Lackpour, A., and Moskowitz, D. (2015, January 10\u201315). Joint design and operation of shared spectrum access for radar and communications. Proceedings of the 2015 IEEE Radar Conference (RadarCon), Arlington, VA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/RADAR.2015.7131098"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2960","DOI":"10.1109\/TAES.2015.140821","article-title":"Intrapulse radar-embedded communications via multiobjective optimization","volume":"51","author":"Ciuonzo","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Aerosp. Electron. Syst."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2168","DOI":"10.1109\/TSP.2015.2505667","article-title":"Dual-function radar\u2013communications: Information embedding using sidelobe control and waveform diversity","volume":"64","author":"Hassanien","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Signal Process."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2174","DOI":"10.1109\/LCOMM.2017.2723890","article-title":"Adaptive OFDM integrated radar and communications waveform design based on information theory","volume":"21","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Lett."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ahmed, A., Zhang, Y.D., and Himed, B. (2018, January 23\u201327). Multi-user dual-function radar\u2013communications exploiting sidelobe control and waveform direversity. Proceedings of the 2018 IEEE Radar Conference (RadarCon), Oklahoma City, OK, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/RADAR.2018.8378644"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4264","DOI":"10.1109\/TSP.2018.2847648","article-title":"Toward dual-functional radar\u2013communication systems: Optimal waveform design","volume":"66","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Signal Process."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ahmed, A., Gu, Y., Silage, D., and Zhang, Y.D. (2018, January 25\u201328). Power-efficient multi-user dual-function radar\u2013communication. Proceedings of the 2018 IEEE 19th International Workshop on Signal Processing Advances in Wireless Communications (SPAWC), Kalamata, Greece.","DOI":"10.1109\/SPAWC.2018.8445963"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsp.2018.06.018","article-title":"Dual-function radar-communications using QAM-based sidelobe modulation","volume":"82","author":"Ahmed","year":"2018","journal-title":"Digital Signal Process."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"2314","article-title":"Radar waveform optimization for target parameter estimation in cooperative radar\u2013communications systems","volume":"55","author":"Koivunen","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Aerosp. Electron. Syst."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsp.2018.08.016","article-title":"Sparse transmit array design for dual-function radar\u2013communications by antenna selection","volume":"83","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Digital Signal Process."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bic\u0103, M., and Koivunen, V. (2019, January 12\u201317). Multicarrier radar\u2013communications waveform design for RF convergence and coexistence. Proceedings of the ICASSP 2019\u20132019 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP), Brighton, UK.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICASSP.2019.8683655"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ahmed, A., Zhang, Y.D., and Himed, B. (2019, January 23\u201327). Distributed dual-function radar\u2013communication MIMO system with optimized resource allocation. Proceedings of the 2019 International Radar Conference (RADAR), Toulon, France.","DOI":"10.1109\/RADAR.2019.8835674"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dimas, A., Clark, M.A., Li, B., Psounis, K., and Petropulu, A.P. (2019, January 12\u201317). On radar privacy in shared spectrum scenarios. Proceedings of the ICASSP 2019\u20132019 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP), Brighton, UK.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICASSP.2019.8682745"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ahmed, A., Zhang, S., Amin, V.S., and Zhang, Y.D. (2019, January 7). Spectrum sharing strategy for radio frequency based medical services. Proceedings of the 2019 IEEE Signal Processing in Medicine and Biology Symposium (SPMB), Philadelphia, PA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/SPMB47826.2019.9037847"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6227","DOI":"10.1109\/TSP.2019.2952048","article-title":"Co-design for overlaid MIMO radar and downlink MISO communication systems via Cram\u00e9r\u2013Rao bound minimization","volume":"67","author":"Cheng","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Tran. Signal Process."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1608","DOI":"10.1109\/LSP.2019.2941087","article-title":"Joint power allocation for radar and communication co-existence","volume":"26","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Signal Process. Lett."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, Y., Wu, X., and Tao, R. (2021, January 6\u201311). Waveform design for the joint MIMO radar and communications with low integrated sidelobe levels and accurate information embedding. Proceedings of the ICASSP 2021-2021 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP), Toronto, ON, Canada.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICASSP39728.2021.9415119"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ahmed, A., Zhang, Y., Hassanien, A., and Himed, B. (2019, January 3\u20136). OFDM-based Joint Radar-communication system: Optimal subcarrier allocation and power distribution by exploiting mutual information. In Proceedings of the 2019 53rd Asilomar Conference on Signals, Systems, and Computers, Pacific Grove, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/IEEECONF44664.2019.9049009"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"886","DOI":"10.1109\/TAES.2007.4383581","article-title":"Design principles of MIMO radar detectors","volume":"43","author":"Maio","year":"2007","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Aerosp. Electron. Syst."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1109\/TAES.2007.357137","article-title":"MIMO radar waveform design based on mutual information and minimum mean-square error estimation","volume":"43","author":"Yang","year":"2007","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Aerosp. Electron. Syst."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cover, T.M., and Thomas, J.A. (2006). Elements of Information Theory, Wiley.","DOI":"10.1002\/047174882X"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2334","DOI":"10.1109\/TSP.2019.2904018","article-title":"Information-theoretic pilot design for downlink channel estimation in FDD massive MIMO systems","volume":"67","author":"Gu","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Signal Process."},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"Gurobi (2021, October 24). Gurobi Optimizer Reference Manual. Available online: http:\/\/www.gurobi.com."},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"Grant, M., and Boyd, S. (2021, October 24). CVX: Matlab Software for Disciplined Convex Programming, Version 2.1. Available online: http:\/\/cvxr.com\/cvx."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/13\/21\/4376\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T07:23:32Z","timestamp":1760167412000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/13\/21\/4376"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,30]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"21","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11]]}},"alternative-id":["rs13214376"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs13214376","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2072-4292"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,30]]}}}