{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T04:17:14Z","timestamp":1790396234564,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,31]],"date-time":"2021-10-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1635638400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002858","name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2020M680369"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020M680369"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002858","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The remote sensing of water clouds is useful for studying their spatial and temporal variations and constraining physical processes in climate and weather prediction models. However, radar-only detection provides inadequate information for the cloud droplet size distribution. Here, we propose a novel lookup-table method, which combines lidar (1064, 532 nm) and radar (8.6 mm) to retrieve profiles of cloud optical (backscatter coefficient and extinction coefficient) and microphysical properties (effective diameter and liquid water content). Through the iteration of the extinction-to-backscatter ratio, more continuous cloud optical characteristics can be obtained. Sensitivity analysis shows that a 10% error of the lidar constant will lead to a retrieval error of up to 30%. The algorithm performed precise capture of the ideal cloud signal at a specific height and at full height and the maximum relative error of the backscatter coefficients at 1064 nm and 532 nm were 6% and 4%, respectively. With the application of the algorithm in the two observation cases on single or multiple cloud layers, the results indicate that the microphysical properties mostly agree with the empirical radar measurements but are slightly different when larger particles cause signal changes of different extents. Consequently, the synergetic algorithm is capable of computing the cloud droplet size distribution. It provides continuous profiles of cloud optical properties and captures cloud microphysical properties well for water cloud studies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13214396","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,1]],"date-time":"2021-11-01T22:24:22Z","timestamp":1635805462000},"page":"4396","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Retrieval of Water Cloud Optical and Microphysical Properties from Combined Multiwavelength Lidar and Radar Data"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Yinchao","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Optics and Photonics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Su","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Optics and Photonics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9910-9692","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wangshu","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Optics and Photonics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Siying","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Optics and Photonics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"He","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Optics and Photonics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pan","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Optics and Photonics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhuoran","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Optics and Photonics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rui","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Optics and Photonics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qingyue","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Optics and Photonics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mengwei","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Optics and Photonics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Hao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Optics and Photonics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhichao","family":"Bu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Metrological Observation Centre of the China Meteorological Administration (CMA), Beijing 100081, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3826","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2012.2227333","article-title":"Spatial and Temporal Distribution of Clouds Observed by MODIS Onboard the Terra and Aqua Satellites","volume":"51","author":"King","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. 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