{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,9]],"date-time":"2026-06-09T16:45:02Z","timestamp":1781023502094,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,2]],"date-time":"2021-11-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1635811200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005385","name":"Council for Higher Education","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Postdoctoral scholarship"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Postdoctoral scholarship"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005385","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Artificial night-time light (NTL), emitted by various on-ground human activities, has become intensive in many regions worldwide. Its adverse effects on human and ecosystem health crucially depend on the light spectrum, making the remote discrimination between different lamp types a highly important task. However, such studies remain extremely limited, and none of them exploit freely available satellite imagery. In the present analysis, the possibility to remotely assess the relative contribution of different lamp types into outdoor lighting is tested. For this sake, we match two data sources: (i) the radiometrically calibrated RGB image provided by the ISS (coarse spectral resolution data), and (ii) a set of in situ measurements with detailed spectral signatures conducted by ourselves (fine spectral resolution data). First, we analyze the fine spectral resolution data: using spectral signatures of standard lamp types from the LICA UCM library as endmembers, we perform an unmixing analysis upon NTL in situ measurements; by this, we obtain the estimates for relative contributions of the standard lamp types in each examined in situ measurement. Afterward, we focus on the coarse spectral resolution data: by using various types of statistical models, we predict the estimated relative contributions of each lamp type via RGB characteristics of spatially corresponding pixels of the ISS image. The built models predict sufficiently well (with R2 reaching ~0.87) the contributions of two standard lamp types: high-pressure sodium (HPS) and metal-halide (MH) lamps, the most widespread lamp types in the study area (Haifa, Israel). The restored map for HPS allocation demonstrates high concordance with the network of municipal roads, while that for MH shows notable coincidence with the industrial facilities and the airport.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13214413","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,2]],"date-time":"2021-11-02T22:17:23Z","timestamp":1635891443000},"page":"4413","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["A New Approach to Identify On-Ground Lamp Types from Night-Time ISS Images"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Natalia","family":"Rybnikova","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mathematics, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK"},{"name":"Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Management, University of Haifa, Haifa 3498838, Israel"},{"name":"Department of Geography and Environmental Studies, University of Haifa, Haifa 3498838, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5007-3799","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alejandro","family":"S\u00e1nchez de Miguel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Environment and Sustainability Institute, University of Exeter, Penryn Campus, Penryn TR10 9FE, UK"},{"name":"Department F\u00edsica de la Tierra y Astrof\u00edsica, Instituto de F\u00edsica de Part\u00edculas y del COSMOS (IPARCOS), Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sviatoslav","family":"Rybnikov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Evolution, University of Haifa, Haifa 3498838, Israel"},{"name":"Department of Evolutionary and Environmental Biology, University of Haifa, Haifa 3498838, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3205-6581","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Brook","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Spatial Analysis Research (UHCSISR), Spectroscopy & Remote Sensing Laboratory, Department of Geography and Environmental Studies, University of Haifa, Haifa 3498838, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"259","article-title":"The world\u2019s appetite for light: Empirical data and trends spanning three centuries and six continents","volume":"6","author":"Tsao","year":"2010","journal-title":"LEUKOS-J. Illum. Eng. Soc. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1701528","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.1701528","article-title":"Artificially lit surface of Earth at night increasing in radiance and extent","volume":"3","author":"Kyba","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1600377","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.1600377","article-title":"The new world atlas of artificial night sky brightness","volume":"2","author":"Falchi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109227","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2019.06.128","article-title":"Light pollution in USA and Europe: The good, the bad and the ugly","volume":"248","author":"Falchi","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manag."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117923","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2019.117923","article-title":"\u201cSandy\u201d Globalization and the shifting centers of gravity of world\u2019s human dynamics: Implications for sustainability","volume":"239","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1080\/07420520802694020","article-title":"Global co-distribution of light at night (LAN) and cancers of prostate, colon, and lung in men","volume":"26","author":"Kloog","year":"2009","journal-title":"Chronobiol. Int."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwu117","article-title":"The relationship between obesity and exposure to light at night: Cross-sectional analyses of over 100,000 women in the Breakthrough Generations Study","volume":"180","author":"McFadden","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"047011","DOI":"10.1289\/EHP1837","article-title":"Evaluating the Association between Artificial Light-at-Night Exposure and Breast and Prostate Cancer Risk in Spain (MCC-Spain Study)","volume":"126","author":"Espinosa","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Haim, A., and Portnov, B.A. (2013). Light Pollution as a New Risk Factor for Human Breast and Prostate Cancers, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-007-6220-6"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1890\/1540-9295(2004)002[0191:ELP]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Ecological light pollution","volume":"2","author":"Longcore","year":"2004","journal-title":"Front. Ecol. Environ."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tree.2010.09.007","article-title":"Light pollution as a biodiversity threat","volume":"25","author":"Wolter","year":"2010","journal-title":"Trends Ecol. Evol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"912","DOI":"10.1111\/brv.12036","article-title":"The ecological impacts of nighttime light pollution: A mechanistic appraisal","volume":"88","author":"Gaston","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108259","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocon.2019.108259","article-title":"Light pollution is a driver of insect declines","volume":"241","author":"Owens","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biol. Conserv."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Lyytim\u00e4ki, J. (2015). Towards eco-efficient and enjoyable lighting. Br. GSDR."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1285","DOI":"10.1126\/science.179.4080.1285","article-title":"Light pollution","volume":"179","author":"Riegel","year":"1973","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6094","DOI":"10.1080\/01431161.2017.1339927","article-title":"A novel method for urban area extraction from VIIRS DNB and MODIS NDVI data: A case study of Chinese cities","volume":"38","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1038\/s41550-018-0402-7","article-title":"Is light pollution getting better or worse?","volume":"2","author":"Kyba","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Astron."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201501","DOI":"10.1098\/rsos.201501","article-title":"A linear systems approach to protect the night sky: Implications for current and future regulations","volume":"7","author":"Falchi","year":"2020","journal-title":"R. Soc. Open Sci."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"Morgan-Taylor, M. (2015). Regulating Light Pollution in Europe: Legal Challenges and Ways Forward, Routledge."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"21","article-title":"Calculation and Regulation Proposal of Light Pollution from Road Lightings","volume":"25","author":"Cho","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Korean Inst. Illum. Electr. Install. Eng."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"917","DOI":"10.1007\/s00442-014-3088-2","article-title":"Human alteration of natural light cycles: Causes and ecological consequences","volume":"176","author":"Gaston","year":"2014","journal-title":"Oecologia"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schroer, S., and H\u00f6lker, F. (2016). Impact of Lighting on Flora and Fauna, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-00295-8_42-1"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4502","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2003-030570","article-title":"High sensitivity of the human circadian melatonin rhythm to resetting by short wavelength light","volume":"88","author":"Lockley","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1038\/s41514-017-0010-2","article-title":"Global rise of potential health hazards caused by blue light-induced circadian disruption in modern aging societies","volume":"3","author":"Hatori","year":"2017","journal-title":"Npj Aging Mech. Dis."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1038\/364525a0","article-title":"Red light disrupts magnetic orientation of migratory birds","volume":"364","author":"Wiltschko","year":"1993","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"29","article-title":"LICA-UCM lamps spectral database","volume":"8","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ene"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3961","DOI":"10.3390\/s100403961","article-title":"Spectral identification of lighting type and character","volume":"10","author":"Elvidge","year":"2010","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2019.01.035","article-title":"Colour remote sensing of the impact of artificial light at night (I): The potential of the International Space Station and other DSLR-based platforms","volume":"224","author":"Kyba","year":"2019","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jqsrt.2013.08.019","article-title":"Night sky photometry and spectroscopy performed at the Vienna University Observatory","volume":"139","author":"Puschnig","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transf."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hale, J.D., Davies, G., Fairbrass, A.J., Matthews, T.J., Rogers, C.D.F., and Sadler, J.P. (2013). Mapping Lightscapes: Spatial Patterning of Artificial Lighting in an Urban Landscape. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0061460"},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"(2020, April 07). Search Photos. Available online: https:\/\/eol.jsc.nasa.gov\/SearchPhotos\/."},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"(2021, May 06). Home-Savestars Consulting S.L.. Available online: http:\/\/www.savestarsconsulting.com\/en\/index\/."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112611","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2021.112611","article-title":"Colour remote sensing of the impact of artificial light at night (II): Calibration of DSLR-based images from the International Space Station","volume":"264","year":"2021","journal-title":"Remote. Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"(2021, May 06). Illuminance Spectrophotometer CL-500A. Available online: https:\/\/www.konicaminolta.com\/instruments\/download\/catalog\/light\/pdf\/cl500a_catalog_eng.pdf."},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"(2021, June 13). MODTRAN\u00ae. Available online: http:\/\/modtran.spectral.com\/."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2014.03.034","article-title":"Incorporating spatial information in spectral unmixing: A review","volume":"149","author":"Shi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1099-128X(199709\/10)11:5<393::AID-CEM483>3.0.CO;2-L","article-title":"A fast non-negativity-constrained least squares algorithm","volume":"11","author":"Bro","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Chemom."},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"Mahalanobis, P. (1936). On the generalized distance in statistics."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1010933404324","article-title":"Random forests","volume":"45","author":"Breiman","year":"2001","journal-title":"Mach. Learn."},{"key":"ref_40","unstructured":"(2021, June 22). EarthExplorer, Available online: https:\/\/earthexplorer.usgs.gov\/."},{"key":"ref_41","unstructured":"(2021, June 22). Landsat Normalized Difference Vegetation Index, Available online: https:\/\/www.usgs.gov\/core-science-systems\/nli\/landsat\/landsat-normalized-difference-vegetation-index?qt-science_support_page_related_con=0#qt-science_support_page_related_con."},{"key":"ref_42","unstructured":"(2021, June 22). Normalized Difference Moisture Index, Available online: https:\/\/www.usgs.gov\/core-science-systems\/nli\/landsat\/normalized-difference-moisture-index."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1274","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1108712","article-title":"Solid-state light sources getting smart","volume":"308","author":"Schubert","year":"2005","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kyba, C.C.M., Ruby, A., Kuechly, H.U., Kinzey, B., Miller, N., Sanders, J., Barentine, J., Kleinodt, R., and Espey, B. (2020). Direct measurement of the contribution of street lighting to satellite observations of nighttime light emissions from urban areas. Light. Res. Technol.","DOI":"10.1177\/1477153520958463"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S13","DOI":"10.1038\/497S13a","article-title":"Perspective: Casting light on sleep deficiency","volume":"497","author":"Czeisler","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1477-9730.2012.00698.x","article-title":"Land Use Classification from Lidar Data and Ortho-Images in a Rural Area","volume":"27","author":"Crecente","year":"2012","journal-title":"Photogramm. Rec."},{"key":"ref_47","unstructured":"Hermosilla, T., Ruiz, L., Recio, J., and Balsa-Barreiro, J. (February, January 30). Land-Use Mapping of Valencia City Area from Aerial Images and LiDAR Data. Proceedings of the GEOProcessing 2012: The Fourth International Conference in Advanced Geographic Information Systems, Applications and Services, Valencia, Spain."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Megahed, Y., Shaker, A., and Sensing, W.Y.-R. (2021). Fusion of Airborne LiDAR Point Clouds and Aerial Images for Heterogeneous Land-Use Urban Mapping. Remote Sens., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13040814"},{"key":"ref_49","unstructured":"(2021, October 26). Haifa, Israel-Detailed Climate Information and Monthly Weather Forecast|Weather Atlas. Available online: https:\/\/www.weather-atlas.com\/en\/israel\/haifa-climate#climate_text_4."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1092","DOI":"10.1177\/1477153518808337","article-title":"Estimating the relative contribution of streetlights, vehicles, and residential lighting to the urban night sky brightness","volume":"51","author":"Tosar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Light. Res. Technol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compenvurbsys.2013.12.002","article-title":"Using street based metrics to characterize urban typologies","volume":"44","author":"Hermosilla","year":"2014","journal-title":"Comput. Environ. Urban Syst."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/13\/21\/4413\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T07:24:53Z","timestamp":1760167493000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/13\/21\/4413"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,2]]},"references-count":51,"journal-issue":{"issue":"21","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11]]}},"alternative-id":["rs13214413"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs13214413","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,2]]}}}