{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,20]],"date-time":"2026-02-20T04:20:43Z","timestamp":1771561243325,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,3]],"date-time":"2021-11-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1635897600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004329","name":"Slovenian Research Agency","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P2-0041"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P2-0041"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004329","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004329","name":"Slovenian Research Agency","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["L7-2633"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["L7-2633"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004329","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper aims to automatically reconstruct 3D building models on a large scale using a new approach on the basis of half-spaces, while making no assumptions about the building layout and keeping the number of input parameters to a minimum. The proposed algorithm is performed in two stages. First, the airborne LiDAR data and buildings\u2019 outlines are preprocessed to generate buildings\u2019 base models and the corresponding half-spaces. In the second stage, the half-spaces are analysed and used for shaping the final 3D building model using 3D Boolean operations. In experiments, the proposed algorithm was applied on a large scale, and its\u2019 performance was inspected on a city level and on a single building level. Accurate reconstruction of buildings with various layouts were demonstrated and limitations were identified for large-scale applications. Finally, the proposed algorithm was validated on an ISPRS benchmark dataset, where a RMSE of 1.31 m and completeness of 98.9% were obtained.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13214430","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,3]],"date-time":"2021-11-03T21:57:49Z","timestamp":1635976669000},"page":"4430","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Parameter-Free Half-Spaces Based 3D Building Reconstruction Using Ground and Segmented Building Points from Airborne LiDAR Data with 2D Outlines"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1818-1992","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marko","family":"Bizjak","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Maribor, Koro\u0161ka cesta 46, SI-2000 Maribor, Slovenia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Borut","family":"\u017dalik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Maribor, Koro\u0161ka cesta 46, SI-2000 Maribor, Slovenia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9517-1157","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Niko","family":"Luka\u010d","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Maribor, Koro\u0161ka cesta 46, SI-2000 Maribor, Slovenia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2842","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi4042842","article-title":"Applications of 3D City Models: State of the Art Review","volume":"4","author":"Biljecki","year":"2015","journal-title":"ISPRS Int. 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