{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T02:31:16Z","timestamp":1760236276360,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":86,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,6]],"date-time":"2021-11-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1636156800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["21H02230"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21H02230"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Accurate knowledge of photosynthetic capacity is critical for understanding the carbon cycle under climate change. Despite the fact that deep neural network (DNN) models are increasingly applied across a wide range of fields, there are very few attempts to predict leaf photosynthetic capacity (indicated by maximum carboxylation rate, Vcmax, and maximum electron transport rate, Jmax) from reflected information. In this study, we have built a DNN model that uses leaf reflected spectra, alone or together with other leaf traits, for the reliable estimation of photosynthetic capacity, accounting for leaf types and growing periods in cool\u2013temperate deciduous forests. Our results demonstrate that even though DNN models using only the reflectance spectra are capable of estimating both Vcmax and Jmax acceptably, their performance could nevertheless be improved by including information about other leaf biophysical\/biochemical traits. The results highlight the fact that leaf spectra and leaf biophysical\/biochemical traits are closely linked with leaf photosynthetic capacity, providing a practical and feasible approach to tracing functional traits. However, the DNN models developed in this study should undergo more extensive validation and training before being applied in other regions, and further refinements in future studies using larger datasets from a wide range of ecosystems are also necessary.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13214467","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,7]],"date-time":"2021-11-07T20:42:54Z","timestamp":1636317774000},"page":"4467","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Including Leaf Traits Improves a Deep Neural Network Model for Predicting Photosynthetic Capacity from Reflectance"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Guangman","family":"Song","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan"}]},{"given":"Quan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Agriculture, Shizuoka University, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan"},{"name":"Research Institute of Green Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1641","DOI":"10.1111\/pce.12118","article-title":"Modelling C3 photosynthesis from the chloroplast to the ecosystem","volume":"36","author":"Bernacchi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Plant Cell Environ."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00386231","article-title":"A biochemical model of photosynthetic CO2 assimilation in leaves of C3 species","volume":"149","author":"Farquhar","year":"1980","journal-title":"Planta"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1111\/nph.14283","article-title":"A roadmap for improving the representation of photosynthesis in Earth system models","volume":"213","author":"Rogers","year":"2017","journal-title":"New Phytol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2393","DOI":"10.1093\/jxb\/erg262","article-title":"Gas exchange measurements, what can they tell us about the underlying limitations to photosynthesis? 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