{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,19]],"date-time":"2026-04-19T19:42:38Z","timestamp":1776627758391,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,8]],"date-time":"2021-11-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1636329600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["2019YFC1509205"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019YFC1509205"]}]},{"name":"the National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["41631073, 41974006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41631073, 41974006"]}]},{"name":"the Basic Scientific Funding of Institute of Geology, China Earthquake Administration","award":["IGCEA2120"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IGCEA2120"]}]},{"name":"the Lhasa National Geophysical Observation and Research Station","award":["NORSLS20-08"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NORSLS20-08"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Peak ground displacement (PGD) and peak ground velocity (PGV) are critical parameters during earthquake early warning, as they can provide rapid magnitude estimation before rupture end. In this study, we used the high-rate Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) data from 55 continuous stations to estimate the magnitude of the 2021 Maduo earthquake in western China. We used the relative positioning method and variometric approach to acquire real-time GNSS displacement and velocity waveforms, respectively. The results showed the amplitude of displacement and velocity waveforms gradually decreased with increasing hypocentral distance. Our results showed that the fluctuation of PGD magnitudes over time is smaller than that of PGV magnitudes. Nonetheless, the earthquake magnitudes estimated from both methods were consistent with their counterparts (Mw 7.3) reported by the United States Geological Survey (USGS). The final magnitude estimated from the PGD and PGV methods were Mw 7.25 and Mw 7.31, respectively. In addition, our results highlighted how the number of high-rate GNSS stations could influence the stability and convergence time of magnitude estimation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13214478","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,8]],"date-time":"2021-11-08T22:08:41Z","timestamp":1636409321000},"page":"4478","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Earthquake Magnitude Estimation from High-Rate GNSS Data: A Case Study of the 2021 Mw 7.3 Maduo Earthquake"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4536-7749","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhiyu","family":"Gao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Earthquake Dynamics, Institute of Geology, China Earthquake Administration, Beijing 100029, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yanchuan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Earthquake Dynamics, Institute of Geology, China Earthquake Administration, Beijing 100029, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xinjian","family":"Shan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Earthquake Dynamics, Institute of Geology, China Earthquake Administration, Beijing 100029, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5898-8662","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chuanhua","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Earthquake Dynamics, Institute of Geology, China Earthquake Administration, Beijing 100029, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Urban Informatics and Guangdong Laboratory of Artificial Intelligence and Digital Economy (SZ), School of Architecture & Urban Planning, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518052, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"722","article-title":"Seismogenic fault and coseismic surface deformation of the Maduo Ms 7.4 earthquake in Qinghai, China: A quick report","volume":"43","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Seismol. 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