{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,3]],"date-time":"2026-04-03T04:33:12Z","timestamp":1775190792033,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,8]],"date-time":"2021-11-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1636329600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Longqian Chen","award":["2018ZDPY07"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018ZDPY07"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Characterizing urban expansion patterns is of great significance to planning and decision-making for urban agglomeration development. This study examined the urban expansion in the entire Yangtze River Delta Region (YRDR) with its land-use data of six years (1995, 2000, 2005, 2010, 2015, and 2018). On the basis of traditional methods, we comprehensively considered the four aspects of urban agglomeration: expansion speed, expansion difference, expansion direction, and landscape pattern, as well as the interconnection of and difference in the expansion process between each city. The spatiotemporal heterogeneity of urban expansion development in this region was investigated by using the speed and differentiation indices of urban expansion, gravity center migration, landscape indices, and spatial autocorrelations. The results show that: (1) over the 23 years, the expansion of built-up land in the Yangtze River Delta Region was significant, (2) the rapidly expanding cities were mainly located along the Yangtze River and coastal areas, while the slowly expanding cities were mainly located in the inland areas, (3) the expansion direction of each city varied and the gravity center of the urban agglomeration moved toward the southwest, and (4) the spatial structure of the region became more clustered, the shape of built-up land turned simpler, and fragmentation decreased. This study unravels the spatiotemporal change of urban expansion patterns in this large urban agglomeration, and more importantly, can serve as a guide for formulating urban agglomeration development plans.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13214484","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,8]],"date-time":"2021-11-08T22:08:41Z","timestamp":1636409321000},"page":"4484","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["Spatiotemporal Characterization of the Urban Expansion Patterns in the Yangtze River Delta Region"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2089-9079","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ziqi","family":"Yu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center for Transformation Development and Rural Revitalization of Resource-Based Cities in China, China University of Mining and Technology, Daxue Road 1, Xuzhou 221116, China"},{"name":"School of Public Policy and Management, China University of Mining and Technology, Daxue Road 1, Xuzhou 221116, China"}]},{"given":"Longqian","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center for Transformation Development and Rural Revitalization of Resource-Based Cities in China, China University of Mining and Technology, Daxue Road 1, Xuzhou 221116, China"},{"name":"School of Public Policy and Management, China University of Mining and Technology, Daxue Road 1, Xuzhou 221116, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7763-1108","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Long","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center for Transformation Development and Rural Revitalization of Resource-Based Cities in China, China University of Mining and Technology, Daxue Road 1, Xuzhou 221116, China"},{"name":"School of Public Policy and Management, China University of Mining and Technology, Daxue Road 1, Xuzhou 221116, China"},{"name":"Department of Geography, Earth System Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan, 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium"}]},{"given":"Ting","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center for Transformation Development and Rural Revitalization of Resource-Based Cities in China, China University of Mining and Technology, Daxue Road 1, Xuzhou 221116, China"},{"name":"School of Public Policy and Management, China University of Mining and Technology, Daxue Road 1, Xuzhou 221116, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2163-4550","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lina","family":"Yuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science (Ministry of Education), School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China"}]},{"given":"Ruiyang","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Environment and Spatial Informatics, China University of Mining and Technology, Daxue Road 1, Xuzhou 221116, China"}]},{"given":"Zhiqiang","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center for Transformation Development and Rural Revitalization of Resource-Based Cities in China, China University of Mining and Technology, Daxue Road 1, Xuzhou 221116, China"},{"name":"School of Public Policy and Management, China University of Mining and Technology, Daxue Road 1, Xuzhou 221116, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2442-5711","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jinyu","family":"Zang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center for Transformation Development and Rural Revitalization of Resource-Based Cities in China, China University of Mining and Technology, Daxue Road 1, Xuzhou 221116, China"},{"name":"School of Public Policy and Management, China University of Mining and Technology, Daxue Road 1, Xuzhou 221116, China"}]},{"given":"Shuai","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Resources and Geoscience, China University of Mining and Technology, Daxue Road 1, Xuzhou 221116, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, S., He, Y., Xu, H., Zhu, C., Dong, B., Lin, Y., Si, B., Deng, J., and Wang, K. (2021). Impacts of urban expansion forms on ecosystem services in urban agglomerations: A case study of Shanghai-Hangzhou Bay urban agglomeration. Remote Sens., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13101908"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lei, H., Koch, J., and Shi, H. (2020). An analysis of spatio-temporal urbanization patterns in Northwest China. Land, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/land9110411"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102701","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cities.2020.102701","article-title":"Urban-rural construction land transition and its coupling relationship with population flow in China\u2019s urban agglomeration region","volume":"101","author":"Zhu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cities"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2945","DOI":"10.1007\/s10668-018-0168-1","article-title":"The direct and indirect drag effects of land and energy on urban economic growth in the Yangtze River Delta, China","volume":"21","author":"Zhao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Dev. Sustain."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1040","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2016.09.177","article-title":"A long-term analysis of urbanization process, landscape change, and carbon sources and sinks: A case study in China\u2019s Yangtze River Delta region","volume":"141","author":"Han","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Han, J., and Liu, J. (2018). Urban spatial interaction analysis using inter-city transport big data: A case study of the Yangtze River Delta urban agglomeration of China. Sustainability, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/su10124459"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, Y.Q., Li, L., Chen, L.Q., Cheng, L., Zhou, X.S., Cui, Y.F., Li, H., and Liu, W.Q. (2019). Urban growth simulation in different scenarios using the SLEUTH model: A case study of Hefei, East China. PLoS ONE, 14.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0224998"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1007\/s11852-015-0415-7","article-title":"Vertical growth in a coastal city: An analysis of Boa Viagem (Recife, Brazil)","volume":"20","author":"Magarotto","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Coast. Conserv."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mandarino, A., Pepe, G., Cevasco, A., and Brandolini, P. (2021). Quantitative Assessment of Riverbed Planform Adjustments, Channelization, and Associated Land Use\/Land Cover Changes: The Ingauna Alluvial-Coastal Plain Case (Liguria, Italy). Remote Sens., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13183775"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136556","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.136556","article-title":"Multi-scale effects of urban agglomeration on thermal environment: A case of the Yangtze River Delta megaregion, China","volume":"713","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4417","DOI":"10.1002\/joc.4296","article-title":"Urbanization-induced regional warming in Yangtze River Delta: Potential role of anthropogenic heat release","volume":"35","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Climatol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107491","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2021.107491","article-title":"Spatiotemporal evolution and the driving factors of PM2.5 in Chinese urban agglomerations between 2000 and 2017","volume":"125","author":"Wu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Delia, K.A., Haney, C.R., Dyer, J.L., and Paul, V.G. (2021). Spatial analysis of a Chesapeake Bay Sub-Watershed: How land use and precipitation patterns impact water quality in the James River. Water, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/w13111592"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2019EF001382","DOI":"10.1029\/2019EF001382","article-title":"The Role of Urban Growth in Resilience of Communities Under Flood Risk","volume":"8","author":"Hemmati","year":"2020","journal-title":"Earths Future"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1630\/095624798101284527","article-title":"Human interference and environmental instability: Addressing the environmental consequences of rapid urban growth in Bamenda, Cameroon","volume":"10","author":"Chi","year":"1998","journal-title":"Environ. Urban."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"75","article-title":"Urban sprawl development and flooding at Yeumbeul suburb (Dakar-Senegal)","volume":"2","author":"Mbow","year":"2008","journal-title":"Afr. J. Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rojas, O., Mardones, M., Rojas, C., Martinez, C., and Flores, L. (2017). Urban Growth and Flood Disasters in the Coastal River Basin of South-Central Chile (1943\u20132011). Sustainability, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/su9020195"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1557","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.02.170","article-title":"Analyzing urban spatial patterns and trend of urban growth using urban sprawl matrix: A study on Kolkata urban agglomeration, India","volume":"628\u2013629","author":"Sahana","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yan, Y., Ju, H., Zhang, S., and Jiang, W. (2020). Spatiotemporal patterns and driving forces of urban expansion in coastal areas: A study on urban agglomeration in the Pearl River Delta, China. Sustainability, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/su12010191"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zeng, C., Zhao, Z., Wen, C., Yang, J., and Lv, T. (2020). Effect of complex road networks on intensive land use in China\u2019s Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei urban agglomeration. Land, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/land9120532"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landurbplan.2017.02.014","article-title":"Urban agglomeration: An evolving concept of an emerging phenomenon","volume":"162","author":"Fang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Landsc. Urb. Plan."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102813","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cities.2020.102813","article-title":"Mega urban agglomeration in the transformation era: Evolving theories, research typologies and governance","volume":"105","author":"Fu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cities"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1007190305381","article-title":"Urbanization and sustainable metropolitan development in China: Patterns, problems and prospects","volume":"49","author":"Chan","year":"1999","journal-title":"GeoJournal"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1111\/sjtg.12317","article-title":"Decumbent development: Urban sprawl in the Guwahati Metropolitan Area, India","volume":"41","author":"Pawe","year":"2020","journal-title":"Singap. J. Trop. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1007\/s12524-011-0089-z","article-title":"Evaluating the Long-term Urban Expansion of Ranchi Urban Agglomeration, India Using Geospatial Technology","volume":"39","author":"Kumar","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Indian Soc. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1080\/10106049.2016.1155656","article-title":"Integrating cellular automata and Markov techniques to generate urban development potential surface: A study on Kolkata agglomeration","volume":"32","author":"Mondal","year":"2017","journal-title":"Geocarto Int."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1007\/s11442-012-0944-z","article-title":"Advantages and dynamics of urban agglomeration development on Yangtze River Delta","volume":"22","author":"Wang","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Geogr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"8157143","article-title":"Analysis on the spatio-temporal characteristics of urban expansion and the complex driving mechanism: Taking the Pearl River Delta urban agglomeration as a case","volume":"2020","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Complexity"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, Y., and Liu, G. (2017). Characterizing spatiotemporal pattern of land use change and its driving force based on GIS and Landscape Analysis Techniques in Tianjin during 2000\u20132015. Sustainability, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/su9060894"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5317","DOI":"10.1007\/s10668-019-00426-0","article-title":"Urban residential land expansion and agglomeration in China: A spatial analysis approach","volume":"22","author":"Zhao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Dev. Sustain."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.1007\/s11442-015-1206-7","article-title":"Spatial expansion and potential of construction land use in the Yangtze River Delta","volume":"25","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Geogr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhu, J., Ding, N., Li, D., Sun, W., Xie, Y., and Wang, X. (2020). Spatiotemporal Analysis of the Nonlinear Negative Relationship between Urbanization and Habitat Quality in Metropolitan Areas. Sustainability, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/su12020669"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110061","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2019.110061","article-title":"How urban agglomeration improve the emission efficiency? A spatial econometric analysis of the Yangtze river delta urban agglomeration in China","volume":"263","author":"Yu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manag."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tened\u00f3rio, J.A., Rebelo, C., Estanqueiro, R., Henriques, C.D., Marques, L., and Gon\u00e7alves, J.A. (2014). New Developments in Geographical Information Technology for Urban and Spatial Planning. Technologies for Urban and Spatial Planning: Virtual Cities and Territories, IGI Global.","DOI":"10.4018\/978-1-4666-4349-9.ch010"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yu, W., and Zhou, W. (2017). The spatiotemporal pattern of urban expansion in China: A comparison study of three urban megaregions. Remote Sens., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs9010045"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1007\/s11769-016-0802-5","article-title":"Using impervious surfaces to detect urban expansion in Beijing of China in 2000s","volume":"26","author":"Peng","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chin. Geogr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, M., Zhou, Y., Hu, M., and Zhou, Y. (2020). Influence of urban scale and urban expansion on the urban heat island effect in Metropolitan areas: Case study of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei urban agglomeration. Remote Sens., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12213491"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1080\/13504509.2018.1509152","article-title":"Urban development and landscape change in the Yangtze River Delta region in China","volume":"26","author":"Kim","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Sustain. Dev. World Ecol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.01.039","article-title":"Understanding urban expansion combining macro patterns and micro dynamics in three Southeast Asian megacities","volume":"660","author":"Xu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, D.-D., and Zhang, L. (2020). Land cover change in the central region of the lower Yangtze River based on Landsat imagery and the Google Earth Engine: A case study in Nanjing, China. Sensors, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/s20072091"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.02.008","article-title":"Urban land expansion in China\u2019s six megacities from 1978 to 2015","volume":"664","author":"Fei","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apgeog.2018.05.012","article-title":"Spatio-temporal analysis on built-up land expansion and population growth in the Yangtze River Delta Region, China: From a coordination perspective","volume":"96","author":"Luo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Appl. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sun, W., Shan, J., Wang, Z., Wang, L., Lu, D., Jin, Z., and Yu, K. (2020). Geospatial analysis of urban expansion using remote sensing methods and data: A case study of Yangtze River Delta, China. Complexity, 3239471.","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/3239471"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.habitatint.2018.10.010","article-title":"Assessment and analysis of regional economic collaborative development within an urban agglomeration: Yangtze River Delta as a case study","volume":"83","author":"Ye","year":"2019","journal-title":"Habitat Int."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2016.07.012","article-title":"Influences of land cover types, meteorological conditions, anthropogenic heat and urban area on surface urban heat island in the Yangtze River Delta Urban Agglomeration","volume":"571","author":"Du","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cheng, L., Li, L., Chen, L., Hu, S., Yuan, L., Liu, Y., Cui, Y., and Zhang, T. (2019). Spatiotemporal Variability and Influencing Factors of Aerosol Optical Depth over the Pan Yangtze River Delta during the 2014\u20132017 Period. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16193522"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"945","DOI":"10.1007\/s00704-016-1928-1","article-title":"Spatial and temporal trends of reference crop evapotranspiration and its influential variables in Yangtze River Delta, eastern China","volume":"130","author":"Xu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Theor. Appl. Climatol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2005.08.012","article-title":"Spatial and temporal patterns of China\u2019s cropland during 1990\u20132000: An analysis based on Landsat TM data","volume":"98","author":"Liu","year":"2005","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02837545","article-title":"The land use and land cover change database and its relative studies in China","volume":"12","author":"Liu","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Geogr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landurbplan.2014.10.010","article-title":"A comparative study of urban expansion in Beijing, Tianjin and Shijiazhuang over the past three decades","volume":"134","author":"Wu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Landsc. Urb. Plan."},{"key":"ref_51","first-page":"1147","article-title":"Spatial and temporal characteristics of spatial expansion of urban land in Wuhan urban agglomeration","volume":"27","author":"Guang","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Nat. Resour."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1007\/s11442-020-1729-4","article-title":"Urban expansion patterns and their driving forces based on the center of gravity-GTWR model: A case study of the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei urban agglomeration","volume":"30","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Geogr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_53","first-page":"631","article-title":"Study on urban expansion of Hefei city based on Landsat data","volume":"44","author":"Wu","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Zhejiang Univ."},{"key":"ref_54","first-page":"10","article-title":"Characterization and spatial modeling of urban sprawl in the Wuhan metropolitan area, China","volume":"34","author":"Zeng","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Earth Obs. Geoinf."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoleng.2012.12.071","article-title":"Characterizing the spatial pattern of marshlands in the Sanjiang Plain, Northeast China","volume":"53","author":"Liu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ecol. Eng."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104108","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jafrearsci.2021.104108","article-title":"Application of geospatial indices for mapping land cover\/use change detection in a mining area","volume":"175","author":"Madasa","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Afr. Earth Sci."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, Y., Cao, X., and Li, T. (2020). Identifying driving forces of built-up land expansion based on the geographical detector: A case study of Pearl River Delta urban agglomeration. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17051759"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Feng, D., Bao, W., Fu, M., Zhang, M., and Sun, Y. (2021). Current and future land use characters of a national central city in eco-fragile region-A case study in Xi\u2019an city based on FLUS model. Land, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/land10030286"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tian, Y. (2020). Mapping suburbs based on spatial interactions and effect analysis on ecological landscape change: A case study of Jiangsu Province from 1998 to 2018, Eastern China. Land, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/land9050159"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wadduwage, S., Millington, A., Crossman, N.D., and Sandhu, H. (2017). Agricultural Land Fragmentation at Urban Fringes: An Application of Urban-To-Rural Gradient Analysis in Adelaide. Land, 6.","DOI":"10.3390\/land6020028"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Padmanaban, R., Bhowmik, A.K., Cabral, P., Zamyatin, A., Almegdadi, O., and Wang, S. (2017). Modelling urban sprawl using remotely sensed data: A case study of Chennai city, Tamilnadu. Entropy, 19.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints201701.0023.v1"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2799","DOI":"10.15244\/pjoes\/129702","article-title":"Optimal Grain Size Based Landscape Pattern Analysis for Shanghai Using Landsat Images from 1998 to 2017","volume":"30","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pol. J. Environ. Stud."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, H., Li, L., Chen, L.Q., Zhou, X.S., Cui, Y.F., Liu, Y.Q., and Liu, W.Q. (2019). Mapping and characterizing spatiotemporal dynamics of impervious surfaces using Landsat images: A case study of Xuzhou, East China from 1995 to 2018. Sustainability, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/su11051224"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sung, C.-H., and Liaw, S.-C. (2021). Using spatial pattern analysis to explore the relationship between vulnerability and resilience to natural hazards. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18115634"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127613","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2021.127613","article-title":"Urban ecological security evaluation and spatial correlation researchbased on data analysis of 16 cities in Hubei Province of China","volume":"311","author":"Ke","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cui, Y.F., Li, L., Chen, L.Q., Zhang, Y., Cheng, L., Zhou, X.S., and Yang, X.Y. (2018). Land-Use Carbon Emissions Estimation for the Yangtze River Delta Urban Agglomeration Using 1994\u20132016 Landsat Image Data. Remote Sens., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs10091334"},{"key":"ref_67","first-page":"681","article-title":"Comparative study on the urban sprawl and its driving force in two Metropolitan areas, Yangtze River Delta and Central Plains","volume":"47","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Henan Univ."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1541","DOI":"10.1007\/s10980-015-0211-7","article-title":"Rates and patterns of urban expansion in China\u2019s 32 major cities over the past three decades","volume":"30","author":"Zhao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Landsc. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_69","first-page":"149","article-title":"Characteristics of urban expansion and morphological evolution in Nanjing from 2004 to 2016","volume":"31","author":"Qian","year":"2019","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Land Resour."},{"key":"ref_70","first-page":"3283","article-title":"Changes in landscape pattern of built- up land and its driving factors during urban sprawl","volume":"40","author":"Tong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Ecol. Sin."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apgeog.2015.11.012","article-title":"Modeling different urban growth patterns based on the evolution of urban form: A case study from Huangpi, Central China","volume":"66","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Appl. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_72","first-page":"1","article-title":"Spatial and temporal characteristics of urban expansion in Pearl River Delta urban agglomeration from 1980 to 2015","volume":"41","author":"Hu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Ecol. Sin."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/13\/21\/4484\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T07:27:41Z","timestamp":1760167661000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/13\/21\/4484"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,8]]},"references-count":72,"journal-issue":{"issue":"21","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11]]}},"alternative-id":["rs13214484"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs13214484","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,8]]}}}