{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T02:31:28Z","timestamp":1760236288096,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,8]],"date-time":"2021-11-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1636329600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the Natural Science Foundation of Shaanxi Province","award":["2021JQ-322"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021JQ-322"]}]},{"name":"the West Light Foundation of the Chinese Academy of Sciences","award":["XAB2018YDYL01","XAB2019A06"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["XAB2018YDYL01","XAB2019A06"]}]},{"name":"the National Nature Science Foundation of China","award":["12073034","12003041"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["12073034","12003041"]}]},{"name":"the Youth Innovation Project of the National Time Service Center (NTSC)","award":["none"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["none"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Water vapor is one of the most important greenhouse gases in the world. There are many techniques that can measure water vapor directly or remotely. In this work, we first study the Global Positioning System (GPS)- and the Global Navigation Satellite System (GLONASS)-derived Zenith Wet Delay (ZWD) time series based on 11 years of the second reprocessing campaign of International Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) Service (IGS) using 320 globally distributed stations. The amount of measurement, the local environment, and the antenna radome are shown to be the main factors that affect the GNSS ZWDs and the corresponding a posteriori formal errors. Furthermore, antenna radome is able to effectively reduce the systematic bias of ZWDs and a posteriori formal errors between the GPS- and GLONASS-based solutions. With the development of the GLONASS, the ZWD differences between the GPS- and the GLONASS-based solutions have gradually decreased to sub-mm-level after GLONASS was fully operated. As the GPS-based Precipitable Water Vapor (PWV) is usually used as the reference to evaluate the other PWV products, the PWV consistency among several common techniques is evaluated, including GNSSs, spaceborne sensors, and numerical products from the European Center for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF). As an example of the results from a detailed comparison analysis, the long-term global analysis shows that the PWV obtained from the GNSS and the ECMWF have great intra-agreements. Based on the global distribution of the magnitude of the PWV and the PWV drift, most of the techniques showed superior agreement and proved their ability to do climate research. With a detailed study performed for the ZWDs and PWV on a long-term global scale, this contribution provides a useful supplement for future research on the GNSS ZWD and PWV.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13214490","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,8]],"date-time":"2021-11-08T22:08:41Z","timestamp":1636409321000},"page":"4490","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Evaluation of Precipitable Water Vapor Retrieval from Homogeneously Reprocessed Long-Term GNSS Tropospheric Zenith Wet Delay, and Multi-Technique"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3975-9658","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hang","family":"Su","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Time Service Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi\u2019an 710600, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Precise Positioning and Time Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi\u2019an 710600, China"}]},{"given":"Tao","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unmanned System Research Institute, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi\u2019an 710072, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5688-6937","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Time Service Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi\u2019an 710600, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Precise Positioning and Time Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi\u2019an 710600, China"}]},{"given":"Baoqi","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Time Service Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi\u2019an 710600, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Precise Positioning and Time Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi\u2019an 710600, China"}]},{"given":"Xuhai","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Time Service Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi\u2019an 710600, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Precise Positioning and Time Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi\u2019an 710600, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.energy.25.1.441","article-title":"Water vapor feedback and global warming","volume":"25","author":"Haeld","year":"2000","journal-title":"Annu. 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