{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]],"date-time":"2026-07-10T03:59:45Z","timestamp":1783655985072,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,9]],"date-time":"2021-11-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1636416000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Key R&amp;D Program of China","award":["2019YFC1806001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019YFC1806001"]}]},{"name":"National Key R&amp;D Program of China","award":["2018YFC1802301"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018YFC1802301"]}]},{"name":"Young Scientists Fund of the National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["41907243"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41907243"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41630640"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41630640"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41877254"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41877254"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Research Grants Council of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China","award":["UGC\/FDS25\/E11\/17"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UGC\/FDS25\/E11\/17"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Landfills are the dominant method of municipal solid waste (MSW) disposal in many developing countries, which are extremely susceptible to failure under circumstances of high pore water pressure and insufficient compaction. Catastrophic landfill failures have occurred worldwide, causing large numbers of fatalities. Tianziling landfill, one of the largest engineered sanitary landfills in China, has experienced massive deformation since January 2020, making early identification and monitoring of great significance for the purpose of risk management. The human risk posed by potential landfill failures also needs to be quantitatively evaluated. The interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) technique, unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) photogrammetry, and ground measurements were combined to obtain landfill deformation data in this study. The integrated satellite\u2013UAV\u2013ground survey (ISUGS) approach ensures a comprehensive understanding of landfill deformation and evolution. The deformation characteristics obtained using the InSAR technique and UAV photogrammetry were analyzed and compared. A close relationship between the most severe mobility events, precipitation episodes, and was observed. Based on early hazard identification using ISUGS, a quantitative risk assessment (QRA) method and F-N curves were proposed, which can be applied to landfills. The comparison showed that ISUGS allowed a better understanding of the spatial and temporal evolution of the landfill and more accurate QRA results, which could be as references for local governments to take effective precautions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13224496","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,9]],"date-time":"2021-11-09T21:39:07Z","timestamp":1636493947000},"page":"4496","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Monitoring and Quantitative Human Risk Assessment of Municipal Solid Waste Landfill Using Integrated Satellite\u2013UAV\u2013Ground Survey Approach"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Shuai","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"MOE Key Laboratory of Soft Soils and Geoenvironmental Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7088-9456","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yunhong","family":"Lv","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MOE Key Laboratory of Soft Soils and Geoenvironmental Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haiben","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hangzhou Environmental Group Co., Ltd., Hangzhou 310022, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1870-5677","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yingyue","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MOE Key Laboratory of Soft Soils and Geoenvironmental Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jingyu","family":"Peng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MOE Key Laboratory of Soft Soils and Geoenvironmental Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiwu","family":"Lan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MOE Key Laboratory of Soft Soils and Geoenvironmental Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liangtong","family":"Zhan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MOE Key Laboratory of Soft Soils and Geoenvironmental Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yunmin","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MOE Key Laboratory of Soft Soils and Geoenvironmental Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bate","family":"Bate","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MOE Key Laboratory of Soft Soils and Geoenvironmental Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"915","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2008.04.016","article-title":"Sustainable recycling of municipal solid waste in developing countries","volume":"29","author":"Troschinetz","year":"2009","journal-title":"Waste Manag."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2017.06.023","article-title":"Biochemical, hydrological and mechanical behaviors of high food waste content MSW landfill: Liquid-gas interactions observed from a large-scale experiment","volume":"68","author":"Zhan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Waste Manag."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"706","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0000273","article-title":"Secondary Compression of Municipal Solid Wastes and a Compression Model for Predicting Settlement of Municipal Solid Waste Landfills","volume":"136","author":"Chen","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. 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