{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]],"date-time":"2026-04-17T22:40:35Z","timestamp":1776465635154,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":92,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,10]],"date-time":"2021-11-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1636502400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness","award":["HIDROIBERNIEVE: CGL2017-82216-R"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HIDROIBERNIEVE: CGL2017-82216-R"]}]},{"name":"Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness","award":["Juna de la Cierva Incorporaci\u00f3n. IJC2018-036260-I"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Juna de la Cierva Incorporaci\u00f3n. IJC2018-036260-I"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Understanding those processes in which snow dynamics has a significant influence requires long-term and high spatio-temporal resolution observations. While new optical space-borne sensors overcome many previous snow cover monitoring limitations, their short temporal length limits their application in climatological studies. This work describes and evaluates a probabilistic spatial downscaling of MODIS snow cover observations in mountain areas. The approach takes advantage of the already available high spatial resolution Sentinel-2 snow observations to obtain a snow probability occurrence, which is then used to determine the snow-covered areas inside partially snow-covered MODIS pixels. The methodology is supported by one main hypothesis: the snow distribution is strongly controlled by the topographic characteristics and this control has a high interannual persistence. Two approaches are proposed to increase the 500 m resolution MODIS snow cover observations to the 20 m grid resolution of Sentinel-2. The first of these computes the probability inside partially snow-covered MODIS pixels by determining the snow occurrence frequency for the 20 m Sentinel-2 pixels when clear-sky conditions occurred for both platforms. The second approach determines the snow probability occurrence for each Sentinel-2 pixel by computing the number of days in which snow was observed on each grid cell and then dividing it by the total number of clear-sky days per grid cell. The methodology was evaluated in three mountain areas in the Iberian Peninsula from 2015 to 2021. The 20 m resolution snow cover maps derived from the two probabilistic methods provide better results than those obtained with MODIS images downscaled to 20 m with a nearest-neighbor method in the three test sites, but the first provides superior performance. The evaluation showed that mean kappa values were at least 10% better for the two probabilistic methods, improving the scores in one of these sites by 25%. In addition, as the Sentinel-2 dataset becomes longer in time, the probabilistic approaches will become more robust, especially in areas where frequent cloud cover resulted in lower accuracy estimates.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13224513","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,11]],"date-time":"2021-11-11T23:04:46Z","timestamp":1636671886000},"page":"4513","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Spatial Downscaling of MODIS Snow Cover Observations Using Sentinel-2 Snow Products"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5483-0147","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jes\u00fas","family":"Revuelto","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Pirenaico de Ecolog\u00eda, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas (IPE-CSIC), 50002 Zaragoza, Spain"}]},{"given":"Esteban","family":"Alonso-Gonz\u00e1lez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Pirenaico de Ecolog\u00eda, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas (IPE-CSIC), 50002 Zaragoza, Spain"},{"name":"Centre d\u2019Etudes Spatiales de la Biosph\u00e8re, CESBIO, Univ. Toulouse, CNES\/CNRS\/INRAE\/IRD\/UPS, 31000 Toulouse, France"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4996-6768","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Simon","family":"Gascoin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre d\u2019Etudes Spatiales de la Biosph\u00e8re, CESBIO, Univ. Toulouse, CNES\/CNRS\/INRAE\/IRD\/UPS, 31000 Toulouse, France"}]},{"given":"Guillermo","family":"Rodr\u00edguez-L\u00f3pez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Pirenaico de Ecolog\u00eda, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas (IPE-CSIC), 50002 Zaragoza, Spain"},{"name":"Departamento de Geograf\u00eda y Ordenaci\u00f3n del Territorio, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50002 Zaragoza, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7270-9313","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan Ignacio","family":"L\u00f3pez-Moreno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Pirenaico de Ecolog\u00eda, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas (IPE-CSIC), 50002 Zaragoza, Spain"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.3189\/172756404781814744","article-title":"Implications of spatial distributions of snow mass and melt rate for snow-cover depletion: Observations in a subarctic mountain catchment","volume":"38","author":"Pomeroy","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ann. 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