{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T02:31:44Z","timestamp":1760236304213,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":87,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,11]],"date-time":"2021-11-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1636588800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001807","name":"S\u00e3o Paulo Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2019\/05361-8","2014\/50848-9"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019\/05361-8","2014\/50848-9"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001807","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"National Council for Scientific and Technological Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["465501\/2014-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["465501\/2014-1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002322","name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfeicoamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["16\/2014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["16\/2014"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002322","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Smoke aerosol plumes generated during the biomass burning season in Brazil suffer long-range transport, resulting in large aerosol optical depths over an extensive domain. As a consequence, downward surface solar irradiance, and in particular the direct component, can be significantly reduced. Accurate solar energy assessments considering the radiative contribution of biomass burning aerosols are required to support Brazil\u2019s solar power sector. This work presents the 2nd generation of the radiative transfer model BRASIL-SR, developed to improve the aerosol representation and reduce the uncertainties in surface solar irradiance estimates in cloudless hazy conditions and clean conditions. Two numerical experiments allowed to assess the model\u2019s skill using observational or regional MERRA-2 reanalysis AOD data in a region frequently affected by smoke. Four ground measurement sites provided data for the model output validation. Results for DNI obtained using \u03b4-Eddington scaling and without scaling are compared, with the latter presenting the best skill in all sites and for both experiments. An increase in the relative error of DNI results obtained with \u03b4-Eddington optical depth scaling as AOD increases is evidenced. For DNI, MBD deviations ranged from \u22122.3 to \u22120.5%, RMSD between 2.3 and 4.7% and OVER between 0 and 5.3% when using in-situ AOD data. Overall, our results indicate a good skill of BRASIL-SR for the estimation of both GHI and DNI.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13224527","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,11]],"date-time":"2021-11-11T23:04:46Z","timestamp":1636671886000},"page":"4527","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Numerical Assessment of Downward Incoming Solar Irradiance in Smoke Influenced Regions\u2014A Case Study in Brazilian Amazon and Cerrado"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9414-3146","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Madeleine S. G.","family":"Casagrande","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Marine Science, Federal University of S\u00e3o Paulo (Unifesp), Rua Carvalho de Mendon\u00e7a, 144, Santos 11070-102, SP, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7618-4462","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fernando R.","family":"Martins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Marine Science, Federal University of S\u00e3o Paulo (Unifesp), Rua Carvalho de Mendon\u00e7a, 144, Santos 11070-102, SP, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9908-6515","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nilton E.","family":"Ros\u00e1rio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Environmental Science Department, Federal University of S\u00e3o Paulo (Unifesp), Rua S\u00e3o Nicolau 210, Diadema 09913-030, SP, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Francisco J. L.","family":"Lima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Space Research (INPE), Av. dos Astronautas, 1758, S\u00e3o Jos\u00e9 dos Campos 12227-010, SP, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9430-1685","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andr\u00e9 R.","family":"Gon\u00e7alves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Space Research (INPE), Av. dos Astronautas, 1758, S\u00e3o Jos\u00e9 dos Campos 12227-010, SP, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9544-4610","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rodrigo S.","family":"Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Space Research (INPE), Av. dos Astronautas, 1758, S\u00e3o Jos\u00e9 dos Campos 12227-010, SP, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Maur\u00edcio","family":"Zarzur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Space Research (INPE), Av. dos Astronautas, 1758, S\u00e3o Jos\u00e9 dos Campos 12227-010, SP, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Marcelo P.","family":"Pes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Space Research (INPE), Av. dos Astronautas, 1758, S\u00e3o Jos\u00e9 dos Campos 12227-010, SP, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5095-0085","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Enio Bueno","family":"Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Space Research (INPE), Av. dos Astronautas, 1758, S\u00e3o Jos\u00e9 dos Campos 12227-010, SP, Brazil"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"335","article-title":"The seasonal variability and trends for the surface solar irradiation in northeastern region of Brazil","volume":"35","author":"Martins","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sustain. 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