{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,17]],"date-time":"2026-01-17T23:32:33Z","timestamp":1768692753829,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,12]],"date-time":"2021-11-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1636675200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Lake surface water temperature (LSWT) is a crucial water quality parameter that modulates many lake and reservoir processes. Therefore, it is necessary to monitor it from a long-term perspective. Over the last decades, many methods to retrieve LSWT fields from satellite imagery have been developed. This work aims to test, implement and automate six methods. These are performed in the Google Earth Engine (GEE) platform, using 30 m spatial resolution images from Landsat 7 and 8 satellites for 2000\u20132020. Automated methods deliver long-term time series. Series are then calibrated with in situ data. Two-dimensional (2D) \u00d7 time data fields are built on the lakes with the calibration, and a subsequent LSWT climatology is derived. Our study area is two urban lagoons with areas smaller than two (2) km2 of the city of San Pedro de la Paz, South-Central Chile. The six methods describe the seasonal variation of LSWT (Willmott\u2019s index of agreement &gt; 0.91, R2 &gt; 0.67). The main difference between series is their bias. Thus, after a simple calibration, all series adequately describe the LSWT. We utilized the Pedro de la Paz lagoons to demonstrate the method\u2019s utility. Our research demonstrates that these adjacent lagoons exhibit comparable LSWT spatial (15.5\u201317 \u2218C) and temporal (7\u201325 \u2218C) trends throughout the year. Differences in geographical pattern might result from the northern island\u2019s heat impact and the existence of the Biob\u00edo river to the east. Our work represents an efficient alternative for obtaining LSWT in particular lakes and reservoirs, especially useful in medium and small-sized ones.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13224544","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,14]],"date-time":"2021-11-14T20:51:53Z","timestamp":1636923113000},"page":"4544","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["A Google Earth Engine Application to Retrieve Long-Term Surface Temperature for Small Lakes. Case: San Pedro Lagoons, Chile"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4295-9768","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mar\u00eda","family":"Pedreros-Guarda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Environmental Sciences with Mention in Continental Aquatic Systems, Aquatic Systems Department, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, University of Concepci\u00f3n, Concepci\u00f3n 4030000, Chile"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2724-7754","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rodrigo","family":"Abarca-del-R\u00edo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Geophysics Department, Faculty of Physical Sciences and Mathematics, University of Concepci\u00f3n, Concepci\u00f3n 4030000, Chile"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0482-9233","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karen","family":"Escalona","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Physical Sciences, Faculty of Physical Sciences and Mathematics, University of Concepci\u00f3n, Concepci\u00f3n 4030000, Chile"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3509-2588","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ignacio","family":"Garc\u00eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Geophysics Department, Faculty of Physical Sciences and Mathematics, University of Concepci\u00f3n, Concepci\u00f3n 4030000, Chile"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"\u00d3scar","family":"Parra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"EULA-Chile and Faculty of Environmental Sciences, University of Concepci\u00f3n, Concepci\u00f3n 4030000, Chile"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Piccolroaz, S., Toffolon, M., and Majone, B. 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