{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,14]],"date-time":"2026-04-14T04:00:04Z","timestamp":1776139204030,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,19]],"date-time":"2021-11-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1637280000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Australian Research Council, Training Centre for Forest Value","award":["IC150100004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IC150100004"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Forest mensuration remains critical in managing our forests sustainably, however, capturing such measurements remains costly, time-consuming and provides minimal amounts of information such as diameter at breast height (DBH), location, and height. Plot scale remote sensing techniques show great promise in extracting detailed forest measurements rapidly and cheaply, however, they have been held back from large-scale implementation due to the complex and time-consuming workflows required to utilize them. This work is focused on describing and evaluating an approach to create a robust, sensor-agnostic and fully automated forest point cloud measurement tool called the Forest Structural Complexity Tool (FSCT). The performance of FSCT is evaluated using 49 forest plots of terrestrial laser scanned (TLS) point clouds and 7022 destructively sampled manual diameter measurements of the stems. FSCT was able to match 5141 of the reference diameter measurements fully automatically with mean, median and root mean squared errors (RMSE) of 0.032 m, 0.02 m, and 0.103 m respectively. A video demonstration is also provided to qualitatively demonstrate the diversity of point cloud datasets that the tool is capable of measuring. FSCT is provided as open source, with the goal of enabling plot scale remote sensing techniques to replace most structural forest mensuration in research and industry. Future work on this project will seek to make incremental improvements to this methodology to further improve the reliability and accuracy of this tool in most high-resolution forest point clouds.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13224677","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,21]],"date-time":"2021-11-21T21:00:50Z","timestamp":1637528450000},"page":"4677","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":64,"title":["Forest Structural Complexity Tool\u2014An Open Source, Fully-Automated Tool for Measuring Forest Point Clouds"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0689-0051","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sean","family":"Krisanski","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"ARC Training Centre for Forest Value, University of Tasmania, Sandy Bay, TAS 7005, Australia"},{"name":"School of Information and Communication Technology, University of Tasmania, Sandy Bay, TAS 7005, Australia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9871-361X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammad Sadegh","family":"Taskhiri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ARC Training Centre for Forest Value, University of Tasmania, Sandy Bay, TAS 7005, Australia"},{"name":"School of Information and Communication Technology, University of Tasmania, Sandy Bay, TAS 7005, Australia"},{"name":"Institute of Sustainable Industries and Livable Cities, Victoria University, Footscray, VIC 3011, Australia"}]},{"given":"Susana","family":"Gonzalez Aracil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interpine Group Ltd., Rotorua 3010, New Zealand"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Herries","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interpine Group Ltd., Rotorua 3010, New Zealand"}]},{"given":"Allie","family":"Muneri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"PF Olsen (Australia) Pty Ltd., Ivanhoe, VIC 3079, Australia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7222-6549","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohan Babu","family":"Gurung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"PF Olsen (Australia) Pty Ltd., Ivanhoe, VIC 3079, Australia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5360-7514","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"James","family":"Montgomery","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Information and Communication Technology, University of Tasmania, Sandy Bay, TAS 7005, Australia"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Turner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ARC Training Centre for Forest Value, University of Tasmania, Sandy Bay, TAS 7005, Australia"},{"name":"School of Information and Communication Technology, University of Tasmania, Sandy Bay, TAS 7005, Australia"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ufug.2013.06.002","article-title":"Tree mapping using airborne, terrestrial and mobile laser scanning\u2014A case study in a heterogeneous urban forest","volume":"12","author":"Holopainen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Urban For. 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