{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,24]],"date-time":"2026-02-24T16:16:12Z","timestamp":1771949772087,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,19]],"date-time":"2021-11-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1637280000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41775032"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41775032"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41127901"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41127901"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A new dual-frequency Doppler polarimetric cloud radar (DDCR), working at 35-GHz (Ka-band radar, wavelength: 8.6 mm) and 94-GHz (W-band radar, wavelength: 3.2 mm) frequencies, has been in operation at Yangbajing Observatory on the Tibetan Plateau (China) for more than a year at the time of writing. Calculations and field observations show that the DDCR has a high detection sensitivity of \u221239.2 dBZ at 10 km and \u221233 dBZ at 10 km for the 94-GHz radar and 35-GHz radar, respectively. The radar reflectivity measured by the two radars illustrates different characteristics for different types of cloud: for precipitation, the attenuation caused by liquid cloud droplets is obviously more serious for the 94-GHz radar than the 35-GHz radar (the difference reaches 40 dB in some cases), and the 94-GHz radar lost signals due to serious attenuation by heavy rainfall; while for clouds dominated by ice crystals where the attenuation significantly weakens, the 94-GHz radar shows better detection ability than the 35-GHz radar. Observations in the Tibetan region show that the 35-GHz radar is prone to missing cloud near the edge, such as the cloud-top portion, resulting in underestimation of the cloud-top height (CTH). Statistical analysis based on one year of observations shows that the mean CTH measured by the 94-GHz radar in the Tibetan region is approximately 600 m higher than that measured by the 35-GHz radar. The analysis in this paper shows that the DDCR, with its dual-frequency design, provides more valuable information than simpler configurations, and will therefore play an important role in improving our understanding of clouds and precipitation in the Tibetan region.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13224685","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,21]],"date-time":"2021-11-21T21:00:50Z","timestamp":1637528450000},"page":"4685","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["A Dual-Frequency Cloud Radar for Observations of Precipitation and Cloud in Tibet: Description and Preliminary Measurements"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3241-3021","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan","family":"Huo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Middle Atmospheric and Global Environment Observation (LAGEO), Institute of Atmospheric of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yongheng","family":"Bi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Middle Atmospheric and Global Environment Observation (LAGEO), Institute of Atmospheric of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5945-5075","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bo","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Middle Atmospheric and Global Environment Observation (LAGEO), Institute of Atmospheric of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9256-5452","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Congzheng","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Middle Atmospheric and Global Environment Observation (LAGEO), Institute of Atmospheric of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Minzheng","family":"Duan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Middle Atmospheric and Global Environment Observation (LAGEO), Institute of Atmospheric of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L07718","DOI":"10.1029\/2005GL025370","article-title":"Global mean cloud feedbacks in idealized climate change experiments","volume":"33","author":"Ringer","year":"2006","journal-title":"Geophys. 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