{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,10]],"date-time":"2025-12-10T08:57:18Z","timestamp":1765357038160,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,19]],"date-time":"2021-11-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1637280000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Climate Change Science Foundation of China Meteorological Administration","award":["No. CCSF201336"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. CCSF201336"]}]},{"name":"China Youth Foundation of National Satellite Meteorological Center","award":["No. 412672"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. 412672"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The Ku-band scatterometer called CSCAT onboard the Chinese\u2013French Oceanography Satellite (CFOSAT) is the first spaceborne rotating fan-beam scatterometer (RFSCAT). This paper performs sea ice monitoring with the CSCAT backscatter measurements in polar areas. The CSCAT measurements have the characteristics of diverse incidence and azimuth angles and separation between open water and sea ice. Hence, five microwave feature parameters, which show different sensitivity to ice or water, are defined and derived from the CSCAT measurements firstly. Then the random forest classifier is selected for sea ice monitoring because of its high overall accuracy of 99.66% and 93.31% in the Arctic and Antarctic, respectively. The difference of features ranked by importance in different seasons and regions shows that the combination of these parameters is effective in discriminating sea ice from water under various conditions. The performance of the algorithm is validated against the sea ice edge data from the EUMETSAT Ocean and Sea Ice Satellite Application Facility (OSI SAF) on a global scale in a period from 1 January 2019 to 10 May 2021. The mean sea ice area differences between CSCAT and OSI SAF product in the Arctic and Antarctic are 0.2673 million km2 and \u22120.4446 million km2, respectively, and the sea ice area relative errors of CSCAT are less than 10% except for summer season in both poles. However, the overall sea ice area derived from CSCAT is lower than the OSI SAF sea ice area in summer. This may be because the CSCAT is trained by radiometer sea ice concentration data while the radiometer measurement of sea ice is significantly affected by melting in the summer season. In conclusion, this research verifies the capability of CSCAT in monitoring polar sea ice using a machine learning-aided random forest classifier. This presented work can give guidance to sea ice monitoring with radar backscatter measurements from other spaceborne scatterometers, particular for the recently launched FY-3E scatterometer (called WindRad).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13224686","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,21]],"date-time":"2021-11-21T21:00:50Z","timestamp":1637528450000},"page":"4686","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Sea Ice Monitoring with CFOSAT Scatterometer Measurements Using Random Forest Classifier"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Xiaochun","family":"Zhai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Satellite Meteorological Center, China Meteorological Administration, Beijing 100081, China"},{"name":"FengYun Meteorological Satellite Innovation Center (FY-MSIC), Beijing 100081, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Radimetric Calibration and Validation for Environmental Satellites, National Satellite Meteorological Center, China Meteorological Administration, Beijing 100081, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1672-2705","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhixiong","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Marine Sciences, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7331-1905","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhaojun","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Satellite Meteorological Center, China Meteorological Administration, Beijing 100081, China"},{"name":"FengYun Meteorological Satellite Innovation Center (FY-MSIC), Beijing 100081, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Radimetric Calibration and Validation for Environmental Satellites, National Satellite Meteorological Center, China Meteorological Administration, Beijing 100081, China"}]},{"given":"Rui","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Marine Technology, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China"}]},{"given":"Fangli","family":"Dou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Satellite Meteorological Center, China Meteorological Administration, Beijing 100081, China"},{"name":"FengYun Meteorological Satellite Innovation Center (FY-MSIC), Beijing 100081, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Radimetric Calibration and Validation for Environmental Satellites, National Satellite Meteorological Center, China Meteorological Administration, Beijing 100081, China"}]},{"given":"Na","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Satellite Meteorological Center, China Meteorological Administration, Beijing 100081, China"},{"name":"FengYun Meteorological Satellite Innovation Center (FY-MSIC), Beijing 100081, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Radimetric Calibration and Validation for Environmental Satellites, National Satellite Meteorological Center, China Meteorological Administration, Beijing 100081, China"}]},{"given":"Xingying","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Satellite Meteorological Center, China Meteorological Administration, Beijing 100081, China"},{"name":"FengYun Meteorological Satellite Innovation Center (FY-MSIC), Beijing 100081, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Radimetric Calibration and Validation for Environmental Satellites, National Satellite Meteorological Center, China Meteorological Administration, Beijing 100081, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1080\/07055900.1983.9649166","article-title":"The role of sea ice in climatic variability: Theories and evidence","volume":"21","author":"Walsh","year":"1983","journal-title":"Atmos.-Ocean"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1334","DOI":"10.1038\/nature09051","article-title":"The central role of diminishing sea ice in recent Arctic temperature amplification","volume":"464","author":"Screen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15919","DOI":"10.1029\/JD093iD12p15919","article-title":"A coupled energy balance climate-sea ice model: Impact of sea ice and leads on climate","volume":"93","author":"Ledley","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. 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