{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,8]],"date-time":"2025-12-08T22:33:48Z","timestamp":1765233228824,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,20]],"date-time":"2021-11-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1637366400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Spatial resolution is a key parameter in energy\u2013water surface flux modelling. In this research, scale effects are analyzed on fluxes modelled with the FEST-EWB model, by upscaling both its inputs and outputs separately. The main questions are: (a) if high-resolution remote sensing images are necessary to accurately model a heterogeneous area; and (b) whether and to what extent low-resolution modelling provides worse\/better results than the upscaled results of high-resolution modelling. The study area is an experimental vineyard field where proximal sensing images were obtained by an airborne platform and verification fluxes were measured via a flux tower. Modelled fluxes are in line with those from alternative energy-balance models, and quite accurate (NSE = 0.78) with respect to those measured in situ. Field-scale evapotranspiration has resulted in both the tested upscaling approaches (with relative error within \u00b130%), although fewer pixels available for low-resolution calibration may produce some differences. When working at low resolutions, the model has produced higher relative errors (20% on average), but is still within acceptable bounds. This means that the model can produce high-quality results, partially compensating for the loss in spatial heterogeneity associated with low-resolution images.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13224699","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,21]],"date-time":"2021-11-21T21:00:50Z","timestamp":1637528450000},"page":"4699","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Proximal-Sensing-Powered Modelling of Energy-Water Fluxes in a Vineyard: A Spatial Resolution Analysis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4580-7505","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicola","family":"Paciolla","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering (DICA), Politecnico di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy"}]},{"given":"Chiara","family":"Corbari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering (DICA), Politecnico di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2778-4680","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonino","family":"Maltese","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Engineering Department (DI), Universit\u00e0 di Palermo, 90128 Palermo, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6627-0175","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Ciraolo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Engineering Department (DI), Universit\u00e0 di Palermo, 90128 Palermo, Italy"}]},{"given":"Marco","family":"Mancini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering (DICA), Politecnico di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1492","DOI":"10.21273\/HORTSCI.50.10.1492","article-title":"Plant and Leaf Physiological Responses to Water Stress in Potted \u2018Vignoles\u2019 Grapevine","volume":"50","author":"Lanari","year":"2015","journal-title":"HortScience"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.20870\/oeno-one.2009.43.1.806","article-title":"Modelling soil water content and grapevine growth and development with the STICS crop-soil model under two different water management strategies","volume":"43","author":"Celette","year":"2009","journal-title":"OENO One"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2135","DOI":"10.1007\/s11269-018-2160-9","article-title":"The Utility of Land-Surface Model Simulations to Provide Drought Information in a Water Management Context Using Global and Local Forcing Datasets","volume":"34","year":"2020","journal-title":"Water Resour. 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