{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,18]],"date-time":"2025-12-18T09:23:41Z","timestamp":1766049821739,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,20]],"date-time":"2021-11-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1637366400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["2018YFF01013004, 2017YFA0701004, 2018YFB2202500"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018YFF01013004, 2017YFA0701004, 2018YFB2202500"]}]},{"name":"the National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["61671432, 61731020, 61827803, 61988102 and 61971397"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61671432, 61731020, 61827803, 61988102 and 61971397"]}]},{"name":"the Key project of equipment preresearch Fund","award":["6140413010401"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["6140413010401"]}]},{"name":"the Science and Technology Key Project of Guangdong Province, China","award":["2019B010157001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019B010157001"]}]},{"name":"the Key Program of Scientific and Technological Innovation from Chinese Academy of Sciences","award":["KGFZD-135-18-029"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KGFZD-135-18-029"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In multiple-input-multiple-output synthetic aperture radar (MIMO-SAR) systems, sparse arrays are usually applied, resulting in increased sidelobes of the point spread function. In this paper, a phase shift migration (PSM) imaging algorithm based on the explosion reflection model with modified coherent factor was proposed for sidelobe suppression in MIMO-SAR three-dimensional (3D) imaging application. By defining the virtual difference wavenumber, reconstructing the raw echo by data rearrangement in wavenumber domain, the original coherent factor algorithm operating in spatial domain can be achieved by the PSM algorithm frame in the wavenumber domain, which means two orders of magnitude increase in computational efficiency. The correctness of the theory is verified by simulation. Finally, a bistatic prototype imaging system in the 0.3 THz band was designed for the proof-of-principle experiments. The experimental results show that the proposed algorithm has a 0.948 structural similarity value to the original coherent factor back-projection algorithm (CF-BPA) which means comparable image quality with much superior efficiency.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13224701","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,21]],"date-time":"2021-11-21T21:00:50Z","timestamp":1637528450000},"page":"4701","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Phase Shift Migration with Modified Coherent Factor Algorithm for MIMO-SAR 3D Imaging in THz Band"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Guan","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Electromagnetic Radiation and Sensing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China"},{"name":"School of Electronic, Electrical and Communication Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5230-3431","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chao","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Electromagnetic Radiation and Sensing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China"},{"name":"School of Electronic, Electrical and Communication Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shiyou","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Electromagnetic Radiation and Sensing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shen","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Electromagnetic Radiation and Sensing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaojun","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Electromagnetic Radiation and Sensing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Guangyou","family":"Fang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Electromagnetic Radiation and Sensing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China"},{"name":"School of Electronic, Electrical and Communication Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, H., Li, C., Wu, S., Zheng, S., and Fang, G. (2021). Adaptive 3D Imaging for Moving Targets Based on a SIMO InISAR Imaging System in 0.2 THz Band. Remote Sens., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13040782"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1109\/TTHZ.2018.2853551","article-title":"340-GHz 3-D Imaging Radar With 4Tx-16Rx MIMO Array","volume":"8","author":"Cheng","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Terahertz Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2004.841341","article-title":"Nondestructive defect identification with terahertz time-of-flight tomography","volume":"5","author":"Zhong","year":"2005","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1795","DOI":"10.1109\/TMTT.2017.2672938","article-title":"On the feasibility of breast cancer imaging systems at millimeter-waves frequencies","volume":"65","author":"Meo","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sheen, D.M., McMakin, D.L., Hall, T.E., and Severtsen, R.H. (2009, January 11\u201312). Active millimeter-wave standoff and portal imaging techniques for personnel screening. Proceedings of the 2009 IEEE Conference on Technologies for Homeland Security, Boston, MA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/THS.2009.5168070"},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"115","article-title":"Standoff concealed weapon detection using a 350 GHz radar imaging system","volume":"7670","author":"Sheen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc. SPIE"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1109\/TTHZ.2011.2159556","article-title":"THz imaging radar for standoff personnel screening","volume":"1","author":"Cooper","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Terahertz Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"101890C","article-title":"High resolution, wide field view, real time 340GHz 3D imaging radar security screening","volume":"101890","author":"Robertson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proc. SPIE"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1834","DOI":"10.1109\/TAP.2010.2046860","article-title":"Confocal ellipsoidal reflector system for a mechanically scanned active terahertz imager","volume":"58","author":"Llombart","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3877","DOI":"10.1109\/TMTT.2012.2221738","article-title":"Terahertz aperture synthesized imaging with fan-beam scanning for personnel screening","volume":"60","author":"Gu","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Technol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2010.2053038","article-title":"A Sparse Aperture MIMO-SAR Based UWB Imaging System for Concealed Weapon Detection","volume":"49","author":"Zhuge","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24309","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2021.3111173","article-title":"MIMO-SAR 3-D Imaging Based on Range Wavenumber Decomposing","volume":"21","author":"Yang","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2280","DOI":"10.1109\/LGRS.2017.2761838","article-title":"Range Migration Algorithm for Near-Field MIMO-SAR Imaging","volume":"14","author":"Zhu","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Geosci. Remote Sens. Lett."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6782","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2961247","article-title":"Near-Field 3D SAR Imaging Using a Scanning Linear MIMO Array With Arbitrary Topologies","volume":"8","author":"Fan","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3631","DOI":"10.1109\/TIP.2018.2821925","article-title":"Novel efficient 3-D shortrange imaging algorithms for a scanning 1D-MIMO array","volume":"27","author":"Gao","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Image Process."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3474","DOI":"10.1109\/TMTT.2017.2661742","article-title":"W-Band Time-Domain Multiplexing FMCW MIMO Radar for Far-Field 3-D Imaging","volume":"65","author":"Bleh","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1109\/TTHZ.2012.2199113","article-title":"Towards Three-Dimensional Millimeter-Wave Radar With the Bistatic Fast-Factorized Back-Projection Algorithm\u2014Potential and Limitations","volume":"2","author":"Moll","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Terahertz Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, H., Tang, J., Wang, R., Deng, Y., Wang, W., and Li, N. (2018). An Accelerated Backprojection Algorithm for Monostatic and Bistatic SAR Processing. Remote Sens., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs10010140"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, H., and Moon, J. (2021). Analysis of a Bistatic Ground-Based Synthetic Aperture Radar System and Indoor Experiments. Remote Sens., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13010063"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, J., Sun, Z., Li, Z., Huang, Y., Yang, J., and Liu, Z. (2016). Focusing Translational Variant Bistatic Forward-Looking SAR Using Keystone Transform and Extended Nonlinear Chirp Scaling. Remote Sens., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs8100840"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6699","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2014.2301433","article-title":"An Omega-K Algorithm for Translational Invariant Bistatic SAR Based on Generalized Loffeld\u2019s Bistatic Formula","volume":"52","author":"Wu","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3026","DOI":"10.1109\/TIP.2012.2188036","article-title":"Three-Dimensional Near-Field MIMO Array Imaging Using Range Migration Techniques","volume":"21","author":"Zhuge","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Image Process."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9384","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2019.2925461","article-title":"Implementation of the phase shift migration in MIMO-sidelooking imaging at Terahertz band","volume":"19","author":"Gao","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2411","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.382857","article-title":"Image reconstruction algorithm based on frequency-wavenumber decoupling for three-dimensional MIMO-SAR imaging","volume":"28","author":"Gao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Opt. Express."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31801","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2902859","article-title":"Near-Field MIMO-SAR Millimeter-Wave Imaging With Sparsely Sampled Aperture Data","volume":"7","author":"Yanik","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Access."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192965","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.3032826","article-title":"A Comprehensive Survey on \u201cVarious Decoupling Mechanisms with Focus on Metamaterial and Metasurface Principles Applicable to SAR and MIMO Antenna Systems\u201d","volume":"8","author":"Alibakhshikenari","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Althuwayb, A.A. (2021). Low-Interacted Multiple Antenna Systems Based on Metasurface-Inspired Isolation Approach for MIMO Applications. Arab. J. Sci. Eng., 1\u201310.","DOI":"10.1007\/s13369-021-05720-6"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e22760","DOI":"10.1002\/mmce.22760","article-title":"Miniaturized microstrip patch antenna with high inter-port isolation for full duplex communication system","volume":"31","author":"Maleki","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. RF Microw. Comput.-Aided Eng."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1020","DOI":"10.1109\/LAWP.2015.2490160","article-title":"Grating Lobe Suppression in Sparse Array-Based Ultrawideband through-Wall Imaging Radar","volume":"15","author":"Tu","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Antenn. Wirel. Prop. Lett."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4662","DOI":"10.1109\/TMTT.2020.2995706","article-title":"Spatially Variant Apodization for Grating and Sidelobe Suppression in Near-Range MIMO Array Imaging","volume":"68","author":"Zhu","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Technol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTQE.2010.2046016","article-title":"Terahertz impulses imaging with sparse arrays and adaptive reconstruction","volume":"17","author":"Zhang","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"730","DOI":"10.13164\/re.2016.0730","article-title":"Sidelobe Suppression Featuring the Phase Coherence Factor in 3-D Through-the-Wall Radar Imaging","volume":"25","author":"Anwar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Radioengineering"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hu, J., Zhu, G., Jin, T., Lu, B., and Zhou, Z. (2015, January 19\u201323). Grating lobe mitigation based on extended coherence factor in sparse MIMO UWB array. Proceedings of the 2014 12th International Conference on Signal Processing (ICSP), Hangzhou, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICOSP.2014.7015364"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4154","DOI":"10.1109\/TSP.2011.2145376","article-title":"Efficient implementation of iterative adaptive approach spectral estimation techniques","volume":"59","author":"Glentis","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Signal Process."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3220","DOI":"10.1109\/TSP.2014.2320460","article-title":"Approximate subspace-based iterative adaptive approach for fast two-dimensional spectral estimation","volume":"62","author":"Sun","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Signal Process."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1109\/LGRS.2015.2502539","article-title":"Radar\/SAR image resolution enhancement via unifying descriptive experiment design regularization and wavelet-domain processing","volume":"13","author":"Shkvarko","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Geosci. Remote Sens. Lett."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1581","DOI":"10.1109\/22.942570","article-title":"Three-dimensional millimeter-wave imaging for concealed weapon detection","volume":"49","author":"Sheen","year":"2001","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2478.1976.tb00934.x","article-title":"The wave equation applied to migration","volume":"24","author":"Loewenthal","year":"1976","journal-title":"Geophys. Prospect."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2241","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2012.2209892","article-title":"Three-dimensional image reconstruction of targets under the illumination of terahertz Gaussian beam\u2014Theory and experiment","volume":"51","author":"Gu","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_40","unstructured":"Cumming, I.G., and Wong, F.H. (2005). Digital Processing of Synthetic Aperture Radar Data, Algorithms and Implementation, Artech House."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Conway, J.B. (1973). Functions of One Complex Variable, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4615-9972-2"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"600","DOI":"10.1109\/TIP.2003.819861","article-title":"Image quality assessment: From error visibility to structural similarity","volume":"13","author":"Wang","year":"2004","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Image Process."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/13\/22\/4701\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T07:33:27Z","timestamp":1760168007000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/13\/22\/4701"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,20]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"22","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11]]}},"alternative-id":["rs13224701"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs13224701","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2072-4292"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,20]]}}}