{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,13]],"date-time":"2026-02-13T16:01:49Z","timestamp":1770998509789,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":94,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,21]],"date-time":"2021-11-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1637452800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004663","name":"Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MOST 107-2119-M-005-008-MY2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOST 107-2119-M-005-008-MY2"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004663","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004663","name":"Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MOST 109-2121-M-005-002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOST 109-2121-M-005-002"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004663","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study explored the long-term trends and breakpoints of vegetation, rainfall, and temperature in Taiwan from overall and regional perspectives in terms of vertical differences from 1982 to 2012. With time-series Advanced Very-High-Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) data and Taiwan Climate Change Estimate and Information Platform (TCCIP) gridded monthly climatic data, their vertical dynamics were investigated by employing the Breaks for Additive Seasonal and Trend (BFAST) algorithm, Pearson\u2019s correlation analysis, and the Durbin\u2013Watson test. The vertical differences in NDVI values presented three breakpoints and a consistent trend from positive (1982 to 1989) to negative at varied rates, and then gradually increased after 2000. In addition, a positive rainfall trend was discovered. Average and maximum temperature had similar increasing trends, while minimum temperature showed variations, especially at higher altitudes. In terms of regional variations, the vegetation growth was stable in the north but worse in the central region. Higher elevations revealed larger variations in the NDVI and temperature datasets. NDVI, along with average and minimum temperature, showed their largest changes earlier in higher altitude areas. Specifically, the increasing minimum temperature direction was more prominent in the mid-to-high-altitude areas in the eastern and central regions. Seasonal variations were observed for each region. The difference between the dry and wet seasons is becoming larger, with the smallest difference in the northern region and the largest difference in the southern region. Taiwan\u2019s NDVI and climatic factors have a significant negative correlation (p &lt; 0.05), but the maximum and minimum temperatures have significant positive effects at low altitudes below 500 m. The northern and central regions reveal similar responses, while the south and east display different feedbacks. The results illuminate climate change evidence from assessment of the long-term dynamics of vegetation and climatic factors, providing valuable references for establishing correspondent climate-adaptive strategies in Taiwan.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13224707","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,21]],"date-time":"2021-11-21T21:00:50Z","timestamp":1637528450000},"page":"4707","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Vertical Differences in the Long-Term Trends and Breakpoints of NDVI and Climate Factors in Taiwan"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4915-1075","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hui Ping","family":"Tsai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering, National Chung Hsing University, 145 Xingda Rd., Taichung 402, Taiwan"},{"name":"Pervasive AI Research (PAIR) Labs, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan"}]},{"given":"Geng-Gui","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering, National Chung Hsing University, 145 Xingda Rd., Taichung 402, Taiwan"}]},{"given":"Zhong-Han","family":"Zhuang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering, National Chung Hsing University, 145 Xingda Rd., Taichung 402, Taiwan"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"S3","article-title":"Vegetation cover degradation assessment in Madagascar savanna based on trend analysis of MODIS NDVI time series","volume":"12","author":"Jacquin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. 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