{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,18]],"date-time":"2026-04-18T14:48:31Z","timestamp":1776523711660,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,22]],"date-time":"2021-11-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1637539200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the State Scholarship Fund of China","award":["201906435005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["201906435005"]}]},{"name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences Strategic Leading Science and Technology Project (Class A)","award":["XDA13020506"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["XDA13020506"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["61405204"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61405204"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"China's National Key R&amp;D Programme","award":["2018YFB0504903"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018YFB0504903"]}]},{"name":"China's National Key R&amp;D Programme","award":["2016YFB0501402"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2016YFB0501402"]}]},{"name":"the High Resolution Remote Sensing, Surveying and Mapping Application Demonstration System (Phase II)","award":["42-Y30B04-9001-19\/21"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42-Y30B04-9001-19\/21"]}]},{"name":"the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities of China university of mining and technology-Beijing","award":["2021YQDC06"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YQDC06"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper proposes a systematic image mosaicking methodology to produce hyperspectral image for environment monitoring using an emerging UAV-based push-broom hyperspectral imager. The suitability of alternative methods in each step is assessed by experiments of an urban scape, a river course and a forest study area. First, the hyperspectral image strips were acquired by sequentially stitching the UAV images acquired by push-broom scanning along each flight line. Next, direct geo-referencing was applied to each image strip to get initial geo-rectified result. Then, with ground control points, the curved surface spline function was used to transform the initial geo-rectified image strips to improve their geometrical accuracy. To further remove the displacement between pairs of image strips, an improved phase correlation (IPC) and a SIFT and RANSAC-based method (SR) were used in image registration. Finally, the weighted average and the best stitching image fusion method were used to remove the spectral differences between image strips and get the seamless mosaic. Experiment results showed that as the GCPs\u2018 number increases, the mosaicked image\u2018s geometrical accuracy increases. In image registration, there exists obvious edge information that can be accurately extracted from the urban scape and river course area; comparative results can be achieved by the IPC method with less time cost. However, for the ground objects with complex texture like forest, the edges extracted from the image is prone to be inaccurate and result in the failure of the IPC method, and only the SR method can get a good result. In image fusion, the best stitching fusion method can get seamless results for all three study areas. Whereas, the weighted average fusion method was only useful in eliminating the stitching line for the river course and forest areas but failed for the urban scape area due to the spectral heterogeneity of different ground objects. For different environment monitoring applications, the proposed methodology provides a practical solution to seamlessly mosaic UAV-based push-broom hyperspectral images with high geometrical accuracy and spectral fidelity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13224720","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,1]],"date-time":"2021-12-01T01:45:02Z","timestamp":1638323102000},"page":"4720","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Seamless Mosaicking of UAV-Based Push-Broom Hyperspectral Images for Environment Monitoring"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6294-9962","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lina","family":"Yi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geoscience and Surveying Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology-Beijing, Ding 11 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100083, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8682-1293","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jing M.","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography and Planning, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G3, Canada"},{"name":"School of Geographical Science, Fujian Normal University, No. 8 Shangsan Road, Cangshan District, Fuzhou 350007, China"}]},{"given":"Guifeng","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Computational Optics Imaging Technology, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.9 Dengzhuang South Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100094, China"},{"name":"School of Opto-Electronics, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.19(A) Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing 100049, China"}]},{"given":"Xiao","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geoscience and Surveying Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology-Beijing, Ding 11 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100083, China"}]},{"given":"Xing","family":"Ming","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nanjing Institute of Software Technology, Institute of software Chinese Academy of Sciences (ISCAS), Building 4, Artificial Intelligence Industrial Park, No. 266, Chuangyan Road, Kirin Science and Technology Park, Nanjing 210000, China"}]},{"given":"Wenji","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nanjing Institute of Software Technology, Institute of software Chinese Academy of Sciences (ISCAS), Building 4, Artificial Intelligence Industrial Park, No. 266, Chuangyan Road, Kirin Science and Technology Park, Nanjing 210000, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S5","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2007.12.014","article-title":"Three decades of hyperspectral remote sensing of the Earth: A personal view","volume":"113","author":"Goetz","year":"2009","journal-title":"Remote Sens. 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