{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,24]],"date-time":"2026-04-24T14:40:25Z","timestamp":1777041625237,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,23]],"date-time":"2021-11-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1637625600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41875037"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41875037"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"innovation project of Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences","award":["cx-323"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["cx-323"]}]},{"name":"innovation project of Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences","award":["cx-327"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["cx-327"]}]},{"name":"innovation project of Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences","award":["cx-262"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["cx-262"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>FY-4A\/GIIRS (Geosynchronous Interferometric Infrared Sounder) is the first infrared hyperspectral atmospheric vertical detector in geostationary orbit. Compared to other similar instruments, it has the advantages of high temporal resolution and stationary relative to the ground. Based on the characteristics of GIIRS observation data, we proposed a humidity profile retrieval method. We fully utilized the information provided by the observation and forecast data, and used the two-dimensional brightness temperature data with the dimension of time and optical spectrum as the input of the CNN (convolution neural network model). Then, the obtained brightness temperature data were shown to be more suitable as the input for the physical retrieval method for humidity than the conventional correction method, improving the accuracy of humidity profile retrieval. We performed two comparative experiments. The first experiment results indicate that, compared to ordinary linear correction and ANN (artificial neural network algorithm) correction, our revised observed brightness temperature data are much closer to the simulated brightness temperature obtained by inputting ERA5 reanalysis data into RTTOV (Radiative Transfer for TOVS). The results of the second experiment indicate that the accuracy of the humidity profile retrieved by our method is higher than that of conventional ANN and 1D-Var (one-dimensional variational algorithm). With ERA5 reanalysis data as the reference value, the RMSE (Root Mean Squared Error) of the humidity profiles by our method is less than 8.2% between 250 and 600 hPa. Our method holds the unique advantage of the high temporal resolution of GIIRS, improves the accuracy of humidity profile retrieval, and proves that the combination of machine learning and the physical method is a compelling idea in the field of satellite atmospheric remote sensing worthy of further exploration.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13234737","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,1]],"date-time":"2021-12-01T01:45:02Z","timestamp":1638323102000},"page":"4737","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["An Improved Method Combining CNN and 1D-Var for the Retrieval of Atmospheric Humidity Profiles from FY-4A\/GIIRS Hyperspectral Data"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Pengyu","family":"Huang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Infrared System Detection and Imaging Technologies, Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200083, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"},{"name":"Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200083, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2266-1163","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qiang","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200083, China"},{"name":"National Satellite Meteorological Center, Beijing 100081, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9162-7367","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Changpei","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Infrared System Detection and Imaging Technologies, Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200083, China"},{"name":"Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200083, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Huangwei","family":"Tu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Infrared System Detection and Imaging Technologies, Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200083, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"},{"name":"Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200083, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7931-9759","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chunming","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Infrared System Detection and Imaging Technologies, Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200083, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"},{"name":"Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200083, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tianhang","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Infrared System Detection and Imaging Technologies, Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200083, China"},{"name":"Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200083, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shuo","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Infrared System Detection and Imaging Technologies, Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200083, China"},{"name":"Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200083, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1175\/BAMS-D-16-0293.1","article-title":"Satellite-based atmospheric infrared sounder development and applications","volume":"99","author":"Menzel","year":"2018","journal-title":"Bull. 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