{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]],"date-time":"2026-06-05T17:32:26Z","timestamp":1780680746847,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,23]],"date-time":"2021-11-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1637625600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000837","name":"University of Nottingham","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Scholarship Ref Number: 17227"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Scholarship Ref Number: 17227"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000837","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Groundwater variation can cause land-surface movement, which in turn can cause significant and recurrent harm to infrastructure and the water storage capacity of aquifers. The capital cities in the England (London) and India (Delhi) are witnessing an ever-increasing population that has resulted in excess pressure on groundwater resources. Thus, monitoring groundwater-induced land movement in both these cities is very important in terms of understanding the risk posed to assets. Here, Sentinel-1 C-band radar images and the persistent scatterer interferometric synthetic aperture radar (PSInSAR) methodology are used to study land movement for London and National Capital Territory (NCT)-Delhi from October 2016 to December 2020. The land movement velocities were found to vary between \u221224 and +24 mm\/year for London and between \u221218 and +30 mm\/year for NCT-Delhi. This land movement was compared with observed groundwater levels, and spatio-temporal variation of groundwater and land movement was studied in conjunction. It was broadly observed that the extraction of a large quantity of groundwater leads to land subsidence, whereas groundwater recharge leads to uplift. A mathematical model was used to quantify land subsidence\/uplift which occurred due to groundwater depletion\/rebound. This is the first study that compares C-band PSInSAR-derived land subsidence response to observed groundwater change for London and NCT-Delhi during this time-period. The results of this study could be helpful to examine the potential implications of ground-level movement on the resource management, safety, and economics of both these cities.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13234741","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,1]],"date-time":"2021-12-01T01:45:02Z","timestamp":1638323102000},"page":"4741","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":51,"title":["Comparative Study of Groundwater-Induced Subsidence for London and Delhi Using PSInSAR"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1185-3802","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vivek","family":"Agarwal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Engineering, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amit","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geography, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Gee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Terra Motion Limited, Ingenuity Centre, Nottingham NG7 2TU, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9768-2682","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stephen","family":"Grebby","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Engineering, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4284-1740","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rachel L.","family":"Gomes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Engineering, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1168-6760","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stuart","family":"Marsh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Engineering, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"700","DOI":"10.1038\/nature21403","article-title":"Groundwater depletion embedded in international food trade","volume":"543","author":"Dalin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1029\/2010GL044571","article-title":"Global depletion of groundwater resources","volume":"37","author":"Wada","year":"2010","journal-title":"Geophys. 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